Abstract
This research aims to investigate the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of novel zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by Punica granatum peel and coffee ground extracts as the reducing and capping agents. Chemically synthesized ZnONPs were prepared using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide as reducing precursors. ZnONPs were characterized using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Peaks of UV spectra were 300 nm for ZnONPs_PPE, 320 nm (ZnONPs_CE), 290 nm, and 440 nm (ZnONP_Chem), thereby confirming ZnONPs formation. The X-ray diffractograms revealed their hexagonal structure. TEM micrographs of the biosynthesized ZnONPs revealed their hexagonal pattern and nanorod shape for ZnONPs_Chem with particle sizes of 118.6 nm, 115.7 nm, and 111.2 nm, respectively. The FTIR analysis demonstrated the presence of proteins, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups on ZnONPs surfaces that act as reducing and stabilizing agents. ZnONP_Chem shows the antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Punica peel and coffee ground extracts are effective reducing agents for green ZnONPs synthesis with a lower cytotoxic effect on Vero cells than ZnONPs_Chem with IC50 = 111, 103, and 93 μg/mL, respectively.
Highlights
Nanotechnology provides considerable significance in various fields due to the distinctive features of nanoparticles (NPs)
This is indicated by the appearance of white precipitates of ZnONPs_Chem incubation, the color of plant extracts (PPE and coffee grounds (CE)) in distilled water was clear, and after depositedofatZn the bottom
Biosynthesis of ZnONPs was successfully synthesized from extracts of agro-industrial wastes or residues such as pomegranate fruit peel (PPE) and solid coffee ground (CE) via a novel, simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and green approach and compared to the chemical-mediated synthesis method
Summary
Nanotechnology provides considerable significance in various fields due to the distinctive features of nanoparticles (NPs). Engineered nanomaterials could potentially interact with biomolecules and intracellular processes as many biological activities take place at the nanoscale level [1]. From this point of view, ZnONPs are of particular concern since they are believed to be non-toxic, safe, and biocompatible [2]. The use of ZnONPs in agriculture is arising as a prospective tool to plant science, providing promising aspects for higher quality plant growth and yield to help minimize reliance on chemical fertilizers for sustainable agricultural development and food security and fulfill the nutritional needs of the world’s fast-growing population [4,5,6]. ZnONPs are investigated to achieve their sustainable development and assess their capability for promoting growth by examining them as nano-fertilizers in crops such as corn, onion, tomato, pepper, and wheat [7]
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