Abstract
BackgroundGreen synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained popularity due to the economical and eco-friendly approach associated with it. The aim of the study was to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles using pomegranate peel extract (PPE), quercetin (Q), and gallic acid (GA) and to evaluate their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities.ResultsA sharp color change from yellow to brown, appearance of a peak in a UV spectrum around 413–425 nm, and four intense peaks in XRD spectra matching with the reference silver crystal confirmed the formation of AgNPs. SEM and TEM analysis revealed particles to be mostly spherical with few aggregates. Average particle size distribution and zeta potential was found to be 43.6 nm and −18.01mV, 31.6 nm and −21.5 mV, and 21.7 nm and −27.9 mV for Q-AgNPs, P-AgNPs, and GA-AgNPs, respectively. P-AgNPs showed excellent in vitro antioxidant activity (84.85–89.20%) and cytotoxic activity (100% mortality). P-AgNPs and GA-AgNPs exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the four bacterial strains comparable to the reference antibiotics but Q-AgNPs failed to inhibit the growth of P. vulgaris.ConclusionsOmani pomegranate peel extract seems to be a potential and alternative source for the simple, one pot, eco-friendly green synthesis of extracellular stable AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles have the potential to be developed as possible antimicrobial agents and antioxidants.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained popularity due to the economical and eco-friendly approach associated with it
While the mechanism of bactericidal action and cytotoxicity remains largely unclear, there’s enough compelling evidence in the literature to suggest that method of synthesis and reducing agents used to synthesize them plays an important role in ascertaining the level of toxicity and antimicrobial efficacy of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [9, 10]
2.1 Chemicals, reagents, and microbiological supplies Highly pure organic solvents, chemical substances of Sigma such as silver nitrate (AgNO3), gallic acid (GA), quercetin (Q), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), standard antibiotic discs, and sterile Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) media plates were procured through the local supplier
Summary
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained popularity due to the economical and eco-friendly approach associated with it. The aim of the study was to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles using pomegranate peel extract (PPE), quercetin (Q), and gallic acid (GA) and to evaluate their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. Amongst all the metal nanoparticles that have been synthesized, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) remain to be the most widely studied and utilized nanoparticles in medical and pharmaceutical industries [4]. While the mechanism of bactericidal action and cytotoxicity remains largely unclear, there’s enough compelling evidence in the literature to suggest that method of synthesis and reducing agents used to synthesize them plays an important role in ascertaining the level of toxicity and antimicrobial efficacy of AgNPs [9, 10]
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