Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the antibacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using a low-cost green synthesis approach for the formulation of Ag-NPs applying polysaccharide extracted from the fruits of a mangrove plant of Sundarban.
 Methods: Fresh and healthy fruits were collected from Ceriops decandra plant. Sufficient amount of carbohydrates was extracted from those fruits and the physicochemical characterization of the polysaccharide was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry. The respective polysaccharide was further applied to generate the Ag-NPs which were characterized by UV visible, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, EDAX, and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial efficacy of the Ag-NPs was also determined against some pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using the microdilution method.
 Results: Glucose and galactose are the major monomers among the extracted carbohydrates. Various types of spectral analysis confirmed the formation of Ag-NPs. The green synthesized Ag-NPs have the average diameter of about 28 nm. Furthermore, the green synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against some pathogenic Gram-positive (L. cytomonogenes, Bacillus Subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) bacteria.
 Conclusion: The green synthesis of Ag-NPs using plant polysaccharide was an environment-friendly and cost-effective method as compared to the conventional physical and chemical synthesis techniques.
Highlights
Since 1000 B.C., Ag has been applied for the treatment of burns, wounds, and several bacterial infections in the form of metallic silver, silver nitrate (AgNO3), as well as silver sulfadiazine
Investigations have revealed that after exposure to bacteria, the nano-silver gets attached to the cell membrane, penetrates inside, and attacks respiratory chain that leads to cell death
The composition of molecular components was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) where two monosaccharides such as glucose as well as galactose were detected in a molar ratio of 3.64:1 (Fig. 1)
Summary
Since 1000 B.C., Ag has been applied for the treatment of burns, wounds, and several bacterial infections in the form of metallic silver, silver nitrate (AgNO3), as well as silver sulfadiazine. Investigations have revealed that after exposure to bacteria, the nano-silver gets attached to the cell membrane, penetrates inside, and attacks respiratory chain that leads to cell death. These particles release silver ions inside cells which inhibit bacterial replication ability and cause the deactivation of proteins containing thiol groups [1,3]. This has unfolded novel strategies to use pure silver against a wide range of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, and as a result, it has been adopted in many commercial products such as topical ointments, toothpaste, soap, and socks [4,5]. The use of silver compounds as antimicrobial compounds against coliform bacteria found in wastewater has been reported [7]
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