Green IoT Applications in Agriculture

In the near future, symmetry technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT), along with symmetry and asymmetry applications for IoT security and privacy, will re-design the socio-ecological human terrain morphology. The IoT ecosystem deploys diverse sensor platforms connecting billions of heterogeneous objects through the Internet. Most sensors are low-energy consuming devices which are designed to transmit sporadically or continuously. However, when we consider the billions/trillions of connected sensors powering various user applications, their energy efficiency (EE) becomes a critical issue. Therefore, the importance of EE in IoT technology cannot be overemphasised, specifically the development of EE solutions for sustainable IoT technology. Propelled by this need, EE proposals are expected to address IoT’s EE issues. Consequently, many developments have been displayed, and highlighting them to provide clear insights into eco-sustainable and green IoT technologies is becoming a crucial task. To pursue a clear vision of green IoT, this article aims to describe the current state-of-the art insights into energy-saving practices and strategies on green IoT. The major contribution of this study is the review and discussion of the substantial issues enabling hardware green IoT to focus on green wireless sensor networks and green radio-frequency identification. This review paper will contribute significantly to the future implementation of green and eco-sustainable IoT.

Between now and the near future, the Internet of Things (IoT) will redesign the socio-ecological morphology of the human terrain. The IoT ecosystem deploys diverse sensor platforms connecting millions of heterogeneous objects through the Internet. Irrespective of sensor functionality, most sensors are low energy consumption devices and are designed to transmit sporadically or continuously. However, when we consider the millions of connected sensors powering various user applications, their energy efficiency (EE) becomes a critical issue. Therefore, the importance of EE in IoT technology, as well as the development of EE solutions for sustainable IoT technology, cannot be overemphasised. Propelled by this need, EE proposals are expected to address the EE issues in the IoT context. Consequently, many developments continue to emerge, and the need to highlight them to provide clear insights to researchers on eco-sustainable and green IoT technologies becomes a crucial task. To pursue a clear vision of green IoT, this study aims to present the current state-of-the art insights into energy saving practices and strategies on green IoT. The major contribution of this study includes reviews and discussions of substantial issues in the enabling of hardware green IoT, such as green machine to machine, green wireless sensor networks, green radio frequency identification, green microcontroller units, integrated circuits and processors. This review will contribute significantly towards the future implementation of green and eco-sustainable IoT.

The exceptional expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed connectivity and automation throughout various sectors, yet it has also triggered a significant increase in energy usage, intensifying worries about environmental sustainability. Green IoT (G-IoT) appears as an innovative response, effortlessly incorporating energy-efficient computing methods, creative energy harvesting approaches, and optimized resource management techniques to considerably diminish the carbon emissions of smart devices. This paper investigates the wide range of energy harvesting techniques—such as solar, RF, piezoelectric, and thermoelectric—and analyzes their impactful role in allowing IoT devices to function sustainably without dependence on conventional power sources. Additionally, it considers how G-IoT can be utilized in smart city frameworks, promoting energy-efficient urban administration through smart resource allocation and renewable energy incorporation. By utilizing low-power communication standards and environmentally friendly design principles, G-IoT provides a sustainable foundation for IoT implementation that harmonizes technological progress with ecological stewardship. The paper wraps up by discussing the major obstacles obstructing G-IoT implementation and suggesting future research paths to improve the sustainability of energy-efficient IoT systems within smart cities. Keywords: Green IoT, G-IoT, Sustainability, Green Computing, Smart Cities, Energy Efficiency

The Internet of Things (IoT) has shown tremendous growth in present-day technology. There are various benefits of using IoT technology, but still they suffer from many drawbacks like the IoT network consumes energy, produces harmful pollution, and generates E-waste. The world is showing concern towards changes in environments. These IoT drawbacks are putting pressure on the environment and the future smart world. To utilize the IoT advantages and to minimize the harmful effects of IoT, it becomes essential to move towards green IoT. Green IoT is the future and is also environmentally friendly. To obtain this, it becomes very important to minimize the carbon footprint, protect resources, and encourage energy-efficient methods for energy utilization. This makes a shift towards green IoT. In IoT devices, sensors, clouds, the internet, and communications are energy efficient and reduce carbon emissions. This chapter is focused on the present work and possible technologies for future green IoT.

Internet of things (IoT) is one of key pillars in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. It is estimated to have 42 billion IoT devices by the year 2025. Currently, carbon emissions and electronic waste (e-waste) are significant challenges in the information & communication technologies (ICT) sector. The aim of this article is to provide insights on green IoT (GIoT) applications, practices, awareness, and challenges to a generalist of wireless communications. We garner various efficient enablers, architectures, environmental impacts, technologies, energy models, and strategies, so that a reader can find a wider range of GIoT knowledge. In this article, various energy efficient hardware design principles, data-centers, and software based data traffic management techniques are discussed as enablers of GIoTs. Energy models of IoT devices are presented in terms of data communication, actuation process, static power dissipation and generated power by harvesting techniques for optimal power budgeting. In addition, this article presents various effective behavioral change models and strategies to create awareness about energy conservation among users and service providers of IoTs. Fog/Edge computing offers a platform that extends cloud services at the edge of network and hence reduces latency, alleviates power consumption, offers improved mobility, bandwidth, data privacy, and security. Therefore, we present the energy consumption model of a fog-based service under various scenarios. Problems related to ever increasing data in IoT networks can be solved by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with machine learning (ML) models in IoT networks. Therefore, this article provides insights on role of the ML in the GIoT. We also present how legislative policies support adoption of recycling process by various stakeholders. In addition, this article is presenting future research goals towards energy efficient hardware design principles and a need of coordination between policy makers, IoT devices manufacturers along with service providers.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a rising idea which basically expects to associate various types of gadgets with one another. IoT gadgets sense, gather and then transmit significant data from the environment. This generates huge amount of data which among billions of gadgets which requires a huge amount of energy. Green IoT mainly targets the energy and efficiency related issues to minimize the energy consumption by the existing applications. We firstly give the review of Green IoT energy management and the difficulties that are looked because of over the top use of major IoT gadgets. We then talk about and assess the systems that can be utilized to limit the energy utilization in IoT like structuring and maintaining proficient data centers, vitality productive transmission of information from sensors and plans of energy effective arrangements and so forth. Since, the gadgets in IoT have restricted energy sources they frequently keep running on battery with a specific energy capacity. This paper tends to the energy proficiency issues crosswise over different IoT driven systems with different framework models for Green IoT and energy effective plan for the IoT gadgets to expand the future of the IoT domain. Besides, we fundamentally break down the green IoT techniques and propose some rules which can be used to accomplish green IoT. At last, we examine a comparative study on the basis of their techniques, types, limitations etc so that researchers can easily get information of this domain for enhancing the current practices for better energy management in the future.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm that aims to connect billions of devices to each other, anywhere and anytime. As IoT will be a ubiquitous technology, its sustainability and environmental impact are very important. Green IoT is considered the ecological future of IoT and plays an important role in which it contributes to improving the quality of life and providing a safe and healthy environment and ecosystem. A systems approach, based on the application of systems knowledge, appropriate methods and tools, provides the basis for observing green IoT through several different aspects by looking at the whole life cycle. This paper focuses on research into green technologies, green applications as well as green IoT infrastructure. It should be noted that this research does not cover the details of the IoT network and the perspective of connectivity, but focuses on the green aspect of the IoT network related to the creation of a hierarchical framework for green IoT. The proposed framework represents a unique view on the implementation of different approaches within green IoT systems, which are focused on the conservation of natural resources, in a way to minimize the impact of technology on human health and the environment.

The Internet of Things (IoT) stands out as one of the most captivating technologies of the current decade. Its ability to connect people and things anytime and anywhere has led to its rapid expansion and numerous impactful applications that enhance human life. With billions of connected devices and substantial power and infrastructure requirements, the IoT system can pose a threat to the environment. However, the IoT's vast range of resources and capabilities can also be leveraged to assist in environmental conservation in the evolution of technologies due to massive CO2 emissions, climate change, and environmental and health issues. In this study, with the two-way integration of IoT and green practices, two distinct concepts for green IoT are presented. Among green practices, energy solutions play a vital role in greening the IoT. In this study, the energy solutions for the IoT system are divided as reducing energy consumption and using green energy sources. Solutions for reducing IoT energy consumption are studied systematically through a five-layer framework to simplify its modular design and implementation. Then, the use of green energy resources is discussed for all components of the IoT ecosystem. Leveraging IoT to make the environment and other technologies green is the other concept of green IoT. IoT technology plays a crucial role in enhancing both energy management systems and the efficient harvesting of renewable energy sources. Switching to solar energy from fossil fuel energy is one of the most fundamental green practices today. In this study, the mutual relationship between solar energy harvesting and the IoT is addressed specifically. Several promising research directions in the realm of green IoT are also highlighted.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is seen as a novel technical paradigm aimed at enabling connectivity between billions of interconnected devices all around the world. This IoT is being served in various domains, such as smart healthcare, traffic surveillance, smart homes, smart cities, and various industries. IoT's main functionality includes sensing the surrounding environment, collecting data from the surrounding, and transmitting those data to the remote data centers or the cloud. This sharing of vast volumes of data between billions of IoT devices generates a large energy demand and increases energy wastage in the form of heat. The Green IoT envisages reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices and keeping the environment safe and clean. Inspired by achieving a sustainable next-generation IoT ecosystem and guiding us toward making a healthy green planet, we first offer an overview of Green IoT (GIoT), and then the challenges and the future directions regarding the GIoT are presented in our study.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been realized as one of the most promising networking paradigms that bridge the gap between the cyber and physical world. Developing green deployment schemes for IoT is a challenging issue since IoT achieves a larger scale and becomes more complex so that most of the current schemes for deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs) cannot be transplanted directly in IoT. This paper addresses this challenging issue by proposing a deployment scheme to achieve green networked IoT. The contributions made in this paper include: 1) a hierarchical system framework for a general IoT deployment, 2) an optimization model on the basis of proposed system framework to realize green IoT, and 3) a minimal energy consumption algorithm for solving the presented optimization model. The numerical results on minimal energy consumption and network lifetime of the system indicate that the deployment scheme proposed in this paper is more flexible and energy efficient compared to typical WSN deployment scheme; thus is applicable to the green IoT deployment.

The Internet of things (IoT) enables global connectivity over the worldwide physical objects. The world is made smart with the development of science and technology, by people collaborating automatically with heterogeneous devices. The exchange of massive information between the devices gives rise to enormous energy requirements. The IoT is interconnected to big data analytics and cloud computing to predict the behavior of smart devices, provide useful business insights, and act as a feedback control. In addition, most of the organizations would adapt to the growing interest of smart world which in turn energy demand increases more rapidly. Moreover, there is a never-ending increase in number of vendors and users of various technologies. Green IoT prominently focuses on reducing the environmental problems and creating a sustainable environment related to IoT. It has been emphasized that the utilization of energy-efficient technologies in IoT either reduces the impact of greenhouse gases or inhibit greenhouse effect in various IoT applications. Green IoT assists in maintaining the climatic condition by introducing low energy consumption devices or electrical appliances, minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, utilizing carbon-free materials, and promoting reusability. In order to achieve sustainable environment, an outline of Green IoT and its applications are described in the perspective of minimizing the energy utilization in IoT. The designing of green data centers, sensor network, and cloud computing is discussed with certain policies in order to save energy. In addition, the different Green IoT strategies are analyzed and the principles that can be adapted to attain Green IoT also discussed. Finally, various applications of IoT are described such as smart home which allows the user to control the smart devices like automated doors, smart locks, security cameras, electrical appliances with the application on a smart phone or any other connected devices. Smart e-health is useful in monitoring and tracking patients, and smart city assists people by interconnecting systems, thereby offers required services in order to provide a smarter view for the present scenario and which in turn makes the IoT greener.

Green IoT, or the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact, has gained increasing attention in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness about the environmental effect of IoT and to share insights and ideas for making IoT more sustainable and contributing to a more environmentally friendly future. The paper discusses the benefits and challenges of using solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources in IoT applications, as well as the use of sensors, data analytics, and machine learning to optimize resource usage and monitor environmental conditions. The key findings of this paper indicate that Green IoT has the potential to play a significant role in addressing environmental challenges, such as climate change and resource depletion. However, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed, including the high cost of renewable energy sources and the complexity of managing large -scale IoT networks. Overall, this paper emphasizes the importance of Green IoT and the need for further research to develop more efficient and sustainable IoT solutions.

Latest technologies and the upheaval of Internet of Things (IoT) have fueled research in almost all areas related to human beings, disseminating anytime, anywhere, any device information access to human beings in different ways. This phenomenal research in recent decades aims to synergize human, data, processes and things, organizations, places, services, and facilities together in exceptional ways. Although IoT offers ample benefits to human society, still the process of manufacturing, utilization, implementation, and distribution of IoT services and devices requires voluminous energy and resources, ultimately producing ever- increasing toxic electronic waste. To mitigate the potential negative impacts of the latest scientific developments in the area of IoT on human society and environment, it has become mandatory to effectively deal with the threats and challenges posed by IoT. These challenges mainly include enhanced energy consumption, generation of electronic waste, emission of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2), utilization of non-biodegradable materials for IoT devices, usage of non-renewable and natural raw materials. This situation has created a need to move towards Green IoT (G-IoT), a future technological enhancement of IoT associated with green technology and the green economy. Green IoT is aimed towards bringing notable improvements in environmental and human well-being so as to make the world smarter using sustainable technological developments. G-IoT is the need of the hour and it carries the potential to completely transform human society along with improving environmental health. G-IoT is the latest technology that emphasizes developing solutions towards eliminating or mitigating the negative influences on people’s health and the environment. It basically focuses on two aspects. The first aspect is oriented towards designing IoT computing devices, communications protocols, and networking architectures that are energy efficient. The second aspect is oriented towards leveraging IoT technologies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, radiation, and pollution. Using the technological advancements in IoT enabling technologies, G-IoT has great capability to strengthen environmental and economic sustainability. This chapter presents an overview of the need and importance of green technologies and green processes in sustainable development and building a smart world. It goes on to explore the principles and applications of G-IoT in the growth of the society by examining its potential to enhance the quality of human life, economic growth, the environment, and green global modernization.

The Internet of Things (IoT) serves as a crucial element in interconnecting diverse devices within the realm of smart technology. However, the energy consumption of IoT technology has become a notable challenge and an area of interest for researchers. With the aim of achieving an IoT with low power consumption, green IoT has been introduced. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represents a highly innovative approach for creating a sustainable green IoT network. UAVs offer advantages in terms of flexibility, mobility, and cost. Moreover, device-to-device (D2D) communication is essential in emergency communications, due to its ability to support direct communication between devices. The intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is also a hopeful technology which reconstructs the radio propagation environment and provides a possible solution to reduce co-channel interference resulting from spectrum sharing for D2D communications. The investigation in this paper hence focuses on energy-efficient UAV-IRS-assisted D2D communications for green IoT. In particular, a problem of optimization aimed at maximizing the system’s average energy efficiency (EE) is formulated, firstly, by simultaneously optimizing the power coefficients of all D2D transmitters, the UAV’s trajectory, and the base station (BS)’s active beamforming, along with the IRS’s phase shifts. Second, to address the problem, we develop a multi-agent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (MATD3)-based scheme to find a near-optimal solution, where D2D transmitters, the BS, and the UAV cooperatively learn to improve EE and suppress the interference. To conclude, numerical simulations are conducted to assess the availability of the proposed scheme, and the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme surpasses the baseline approaches in both convergence speed and EE performance.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging concept, which aims to connect billions of devices with each other. The IoT devices sense, collect, and transmit important information from their surroundings. This exchange of very large amount of information amongst billions of devices creates a massive energy need. Green IoT envisions the concept of reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices and making the environment safe. Inspired by achieving a sustainable environment for IoT, we first give the overview of green IoT and the challenges that are faced due to excessive usage of energy hungry IoT devices. We then discuss and evaluate the strategies that can be used to minimize the energy consumption in IoT, such as designing energy efficient datacenters, energy efficient transmission of data from sensors, and design of energy efficient policies. Moreover, we critically analyze the green IoT strategies and propose five principles that can be adopted to achieve green IoT. Finally, we consider a case study of very important aspect of IoT, i.e., smart phones and we provide an easy and concise view for improving the current practices to make the IoT greener for the world in 2020 and beyond.