Green chemistry in Senegal

Recent years have seen a disheartening string of revelations in which everyday items once considered safe—food packaging, toys, clothes, furniture, electronic components, and many more products—are found to contain carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, and other harmful chemicals.1 Growing demand for healthier alternatives, already seen in food production and housing construction,2 is also happening at the building-block level of manufacturing, where so-called green chemistry represents a revolutionary change in preventing pollution and health problems starting at the chemical design stage. Many industry and government entities are beginning to espouse the principles of green chemistry on their websites and in public statements. Now comes the task of crafting policy to put those principles into action. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines green chemistry as “the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, and use.”3 Green chemistry also aims to mitigate the type of uncertainty Alan Gold-berg, a professor of toxicology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, recently described to The New York Times: “I can get [toxicity] information on only 20 percent of chemicals we interact with on a daily basis.”4 Of that 20%, he now says, he may be able to find information on overt toxicity for about half, but for details on specific effects such as developmental neurotoxicity, the figure shrinks toward zero. So what does green chemistry look like? Consider the example of pregabalin, the active ingredient in the neuropathic pain drug Lyrica®. Pfizer developed an alternative green-chemistry process that converted several steps of pregabalin synthesis from use of organic solvents to water. That reduced both health hazards and production heating requirements. With the new synthesis, waste from the process dropped from 86 kg of waste per kg product to 17 kg, and energy use dropped by 82%.5 Proponents say that’s how the field can offer a win–win–win solution: good performance, lower cost, and less environmental impact—what Richard Engler, program manager of the EPA Green Chemistry Program, calls the “triple bottom line.” For many, a standard is a logical next step. “At some point you have to go beyond a definition and principles,” says Engler. “I think that’s something the standard will enable.”

Environmental issues are increasingly of global concern. The trend of sustainable development requires chemistry to be “clean” or “green.” In the 1990s, therefore, the concept of “Green Chemistry” was proposed, together with the “Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry.” These twelve principles encompassed the premise of green chemistry but mainly focused on the aspects of synthetic chemistry. For green chemistry in the analytical laboratory, the concept of Green Analytical Chemistry was subsequently proposed, but it has not yet become a popular field of chemistry. Apparently, green analytical chemistry is a key part of green chemistry and an important trend in analytical chemistry in modern society. It is an emerging area of increasing importance both in green chemistry and in analytical chemistry. In this report, green analytical chemistry is systematically discussed and then defined with seven principles. Firstly, the aspects of green analytical chemistry are discussed in detail with regard to the whole analytical process; i.e., from sample collection, sample preparation, to sample analysis, and some other related issues such as process analysis. Secondly, some naturally green or possibly green analytical techniques are discussed. Presently, spectroscopic methods dominate the area of green analytical chemistry. The purpose of this report is to arouse more attention to green analytical chemistry to serve the sustainable development of the modern society.

People, institutions, and technology: A personal view of the role of foundations in international agricultural research and development 1960–2010

A special green chemistry course was offered at Grand Valley State University, GVSU, in 2006. Among other assignments, students designed an electronic survey probing the knowledge and the interest in learning about green chemistry. Over 1600 students responded. The responses to the questions “where did you hear about green chemistry” clearly showed the lack of green chemistry inclusion into the curricular program GVSU at that time. Under the driving force of the students’ interest and the imperative need to feel the gap between the traditional content of industrial processes teaching and the principles of green chemistry, we were compelled to change. The result is a new course, Green Chemistry and Industrial Processes, based on green industrial applications. It is a bridge between the principles of green chemistry and industrial processes currently in use, between traditional topics and real-life cases, provided by the global and the local economy. Partnership with local area businesses constitutes an ideal ground for challenging the students’ ability to analyze and understand the existing problems and to develop their critical thinking, while finding creative solutions. This communication summarizes one of the invited papers to the spring 2010 online ConfChem Conference on Educating the Next Generation: Green and Sustainable Chemistry, held from May 7 to June 30, 2010. ConfChem conferences are hosted by the ACS DivCHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education (CCCE).

Introduction to Teaching Green Organic Chemistry Introduction Early Developments in Green Chemistry The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry The Twelve Principles in Teaching Green Organic Chemistry Green Organic Chemistry Teaching Resources Conclusion References Designing a Green Organic Chemistry Lecture Course Introduction Challenges in Launching and Teaching a Green Chemistry Course Course Description and Structure Feedback Advice on Launching a Green Chemistry Course and Epilogue Instructive Lecture Case Studies References Elimination of Solvents in the Organic Curriculum Introduction Solvent-Free or Not Solvent-Free? Industrial and Academic Case Studies Solvent-free Reactor Design Eliminating Solvents in the Introductory Organic Laboratory Conclusion References Organic Reactions Under Aqueous Conditions Introduction Studies on the Origin of Enhanced Reactivity in Aqueous Conditions Aqueous Chemistry in the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory Lecture Case Studies in Aqueous Chemistry Conclusion References Organic Chemistry in Greener Non-Aqueous Media Introduction Measures of Solvent Greenness Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluorous Solvents Ionic Liquids Liquid Polymers Other Greener Solvents Future Outlook Conclusion References Environmentally-Friendly Organic Reagents Introduction Greener Reagents in the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory Conclusion References Organic Waste Management and Recycling Introduction Three Industrial Case Studies Reduction of Waste Generation Managing Generated Waste Reagent Recycling Recycling Solvents Recycling Consumer and Natural Products Conclusion References Greener Organic Reactions under Microwave Heating Introduction Microwave Heating as a Greener Technology Historical Background to Microwave Chemistry Microwave Versus Conventional Thermal Heating Solvents for Microwave Heating A Comparison of Multi-Mode and Mono-Mode Microwave Ovens Microwave-Accelerated Reactions for the Undergraduate Laboratory Literature Examples of Microwave-Accelerated Reactions Conclusion References Appendix: Greener Organic Chemistry Reaction Index

Integrated Study for the Characterization and Development of the MFB-53 Reservoir, North Hamaca-Orinoco Belt, Venezuela. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to report the most relevant technical results obtained from a research and development study of Corpoven's MFB-53 extra-heavy crude oil reservoir, located in the Bare block - North Hamaca Area of the Orinoco Belt in Eastern Venezuela. This study was conducted by a Corpoven-Intevep multidisciplinary team with the support of national and international research centers in the development of a 3D numerical simulation model. Foamy Hamaca crude oil behavior modelling has permitted the understanding of the high productivity shown by horizontal wells, which might lead to a primary recovery factor greater than 10% without compaction and/or steaming. An increase of 30% in oil reserves was possible due to the results obtained from the numerical simulation performed by the Corpoven-Intevep team, allowing the total recovery factor to be raised from 10% to 14%. The same results may be applied to other Orinoco Belt areas. Moreover, a geomechanical model was developed for this reservoir using laboratory tests. Consequently, optimum drilling and production strategies for both horizontal and vertical wells in the Hamaca Area were determined. An optimum exploitation scheme has been defined with the use of the 3D model. A pre-defined cold production and larger spacing is anticipated prior to beginning with secondary recovery processes (gas injection and/or thermal activity), leading to a 30% cutback in the overall project cost. Introduction In 1994, an integrated study of the MFB-53 Reservoir was initiated. The reservoir has an extension of 165 km2 and an original oil in place (OOIP) of 1943 MMBLS. The largest extra-heavy crude oil recoverable reserves (194, MMBLS) discovered in North Hamaca belong to this reservoir. Reservoir exploitation began in 1982, as of March 1996, 164 wells have been drilled (45 horizontal and 119 vertical), with an accumulated production of 71 MMBLS (3.6% of OOIP). Reservoir performance has been improved through the use of horizontal wells with an initial production of up to 3000 B/D and an average production of 1500 B/D. Reservoir pressure has decreased only 200 psia from an original pressure of 1220 psia (Table 1). Due to the high productivity index (7 to 12) of horizontal wells, high volume lifting equipment was required in order to handle the produced fluids. Electric submersible pumps have been used successfully, and 62 MBD of the reservoir production are tied to this lifting method. It is important to mention that Corpoven's heavy/extra heavy oil production forecast is 270 MBD for the year 2005, more than double the current production of 125 MBD. The development of the 3D model backs up the growing potential of Corpoven's expansion program. The main objective of this study was the design of an optimum exploitation scheme for the short-, medium- and long-term plans through a multidisciplinary team formed by Corpoven, Intevep and national and international research centers (Fig. 1). Scope The integrated study of the MFB-53 reservoir began in July 1994 under a multidisciplinary team with a technical proposal. To reach the objective, a fastrack in geology and reservoir engineering was implemented, applying novel technologies for the definition and construction of the geological model, seismic interpretation, research lab work on the special behavior of reservoir fluids, and finally the development of a three dimensional dynamic simulation model. P. 225

While non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been lauded for their ability to respond quickly to crisis and to work with a variety of actors to address problems in a catalytic and coordinated manner, they have also been criticized for their lack of technical capacity and the limited sustainability and short term nature of their actions. The NGO mandate differs significantly from the mandate of national programs or their counterpart, international research centers. This multi-sectoral orientation of NGOs is driven by short term project funding and oblique program mandates. Where research excellence is at the pinnacle for national and international research centers, partnership is what drives NGO success. This paper briefly discusses the role of NGOs in agricultural interventions and highlights some of the key lessons learned from Catholic Relief Services experience managing a multi-country banana (Musa spp.) project in Central and East Africa; specifically related to fostering effective networks and partnerships, administering and managing multiple partners, working with research to address problems at scale in a timely and cost effective manner; and drawing some conclusions applicable to other agricultural interventions marked by multiple partners and a commitment to achieve scale and impact.

Green chemistry is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on minimizing hazardous substances and promoting sustainable alternatives in chemical processes to conventional chemical processes and products. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles, historical development, and practical applications of green chemistry with a particular emphasis on its role in advancing sustainable chemical synthesis, analytical methodologies, and industrial practices. Originating from the environmental activism of the 1960 s inspired by Rachel Carson's"Silent Spring,"green chemistry was formally established in the 1990 s through the 12 principles set by Paul Anastas and John C. Warner. These principles emphasize waste prevention, atomic economy, reducing hazardous chemicals, and using renewable raw materials. Green chemistry significantly impacts sectors such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and education. In the pharmaceutical industry, it fosters environmentally safer analytical methods. The cosmetics sector benefits from biodegradable materials, while educational institutions implement sustainable waste management and laboratory practices. International conferences and academic publications have advanced global awareness of green chemistry, promoting sustainability goals like reducing environmental impacts, optimizing resource use, and minimizing waste. A key focus of this study is the green synthesis of nanoparticles which has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional synthesis methods that often rely on toxic reagents Plant-derived biomolecules serve as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). These eco-friendly approaches eliminate the hazardous chemicals while yielding biocompatible nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial and catalytic properties, demonstrating their potential in nanotechnology and biomedical applications. Additionally, green analytical chemistry has revolutionized chemical monitoring by implementing solvent-free methodologies, real-time pollution tracking, and waste minimization techniques. The integration of green chemistry into academic and industrial settings has played a critical role in addressing global challenges such as environmental pollution, climate change, and resource depletion. This review highlights the necessity of widespread adoption of green chemistry principles to ensure economic sustainability, regulatory compliance, and scientific innovation. Future research should focus on optimizing green synthetic techniques, addressing scalability challenges, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate the transition toward a more sustainable future.Graphical abstract

Determination of parabens in different samples using green analytical chemistry approaches since 2015

Vol. 113, No. 11 EnvironewsOpen AccessEHPnet: Greener Education Materials for Chemists Erin E. Dooley Erin E. Dooley Search for more papers by this author Published:1 November 2005https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a737AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Green chemistry aims in part to help clean up chemical processing by reducing or eliminating toxic elements from production and use. One university at the forefront of the movement is the University of Oregon, which has developed a website, Greener Education Materials for Chemists (GEMS), to educate teachers on introducing green chemistry concepts to their students. Although the site, located at http://greenchem.uoregon.edu/gems.html, currently contains only materials for university-level education, the developers hope to eventually include content for K–12 teachers.The site consists of a database of print resources, which visitors can search using free text or by selecting search terms from seven categories, including chemistry concepts, laboratory techniques, green chemistry principles, and chemistry sub-disciplines. Each item in the database has an overview that summarizes its content and its connection to green chemistry as well as contact information for the person that contributed the material to the database.The different types of material that are currently available on the site, which is partially funded by the National Science Foundation, include laboratory exercises, lecture materials, course syllabi, and multimedia content. To aid educators in determining which materials best suit their needs, threaded discussions will soon be included for each item. Here educators will be able to discuss how they integrated materials into their lesson plans and relate their success in using them.The site, unveiled in June 2005 at an American Chemical Society meeting, was developed by a partnership between the university’s Green Chemistry Group and Center for Educational Technologies. Students and high school teachers were involved in the design of the site, as were more than 100 college instructors who attended national green chemistry education workshops at the university. The site’s developers have provided information on the site advising people how to contribute material to the database. They are also looking for educators to evaluate materials, test laboratory procedures, and adapt content for varying age groups. The developers want the web-site to be as inclusive as possible so it can serve as many grade levels and subject areas as possible.A link to information about the university’s Green Chemistry Center is sited in the toolbar at the top of the homepage. Here visitors can find an overview of the program’s work in developing undergraduate green chemistry curricula, the history of the program, and media coverage. A description of Green Organic Chemistry: Tools, Strategies and Laboratory Experiments, a textbook/laboratory manual released in 2004 for the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory, is available from this page as well.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 113, No. 11 November 2005Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 November 2005Published in print1 November 2005 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Concerns about environmental pollution, global climate change and hazards to human health have increased dramatically. This has led to a call for change in chemical processes including those that are part of chemical analysis. The development of analytical chemistry continues and every new discovery in chemistry, physics, molecular biology, and materials science brings new opportunities and challenges. Yet, contemporary analytical chemistry does not consume resources optimally. Indeed, the usage of toxic chemical compounds is at the highest rate ever. All this makes the emerging field of green chemistry a “hot topic” in industrial, governmental laboratories as well as in academia. This book starts by introducing the twelve principles of green chemistry. It then goes on to discuss how the principles of green chemistry can be used to assess the ‘greenness’ of analytical methodologies. The ‘green profile’ proposed by the ACS Green Chemistry Institute is also presented. A chapter on “Greening” sample preparation describes approaches to minimizing toxic solvent use, using non-toxic alternatives, and saving energy. The chapter on instrumental methods describes existing analytical approaches that are inherently green and making non-green methods greener. The final chapter on signal acquisition describes how quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) ideas could reduce experimental work thus making analysis greener. The book concludes with a discussion of how green chemistry is both possible and necessary. Green Analytical Chemistry is aimed at managers of analytical laboratories but will also interest teachers of analytical chemistry and green public policy makers.

Is there a role for green and sustainable chemistry in chemical disarmament and nonproliferation?

Green food analysis: Current trends and perspectives

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) is developing quickly at the moment, necessitating the establishment of clear, succinct guidance in the form of GAC principles that will aid in greening laboratory operations. Because they fall short of analytical chemistry's requirements, the current green chemistry and green engineering principles need to be revised for application in GAC. This article presents a collection of 12 principles that will be crucial for GAC's future. These principles include some innovative ideas (like using natural reagents) as well as well-known ones (like reducing the use of energy and reagents and eliminating waste, risk, and hazard). The goal of green analytical chemistry is to make analytical processes safer for people and the environment. When evaluating the greenness of an analytical approach, a wide range of factors are taken into account, including the quantity and toxicity of reagents, waste generated, energy consumption, the number of procedural steps, miniaturization, and automation. The eco-scale assessment (ESA), the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and the national environmental methods index (NEMI) are the three evaluation techniques. Keywords: Green chemistry, National environmental method index, Eco-scale assessment, Green analytical procedure index.

We commend O’Brien, Myers, and Warner for their pioneering work identifying chemical threats to human and ecosystem health and for advancing the field of green chemistry. In our article (Wilson and Schwarzman 2009), we discussed advancing green chemistry as an objective of chemicals policy and described existing policy barriers that, if lifted, would spur the scientific and commercial development of green chemistry. O’Brien et al. recognize that the science of green chemistry has a role in informing chemicals policies. We would add that public policy that accurately reflects current science—and the needs of the chemicals market—is instrumental to the widespread adoption of green chemistry, but dispute that green chemistry is integral to chemicals policy itself. Green chemistry’s potential is expanded when the science is embedded in a larger context. For example, in an introductory text on green chemistry, Lancaster (2002) stated that Green chemistry is not a new branch of science, but more a new philosophical approach that underpins all of chemistry and has technological, environmental and societal goals. Lancaster (2002) pointed out that “over the last ten years, green chemistry has gradually become recognized as both a culture and a methodology for achieving sustainability,” and that the “12 principles of green chemistry help show how this can be achieved” (Lancaster 2002). This book addresses technical aspects of green chemistry while acknowledging the economic, legal, and knowledge barriers to advancing green chemistry. California has adopted a similarly expansive approach. The state’s 2-year old Green Chemistry Initiative is rooted in the 12 principles of green chemistry, and it also embraces a range of tools to ensure the success of green chemistry in society. These include new regulatory strategies, economic incentives, technical assistance, research, and education, with the goal of “launch[ing] a new chemicals framework and a quantum shift in environmental protection” (Adams 2008). These are the same kinds of legislative and regulatory tools that California has used successfully to promote innovation in the energy sector, and which the empirical evidence has identified are the primary drivers for the adoption of cleaner technologies (Nameroff 2004). It is in this context that we see the broad potential of green chemistry. It is a credit to those who have established the field of green chemistry that multiple interests recognize its value in achieving environmental and economic sustainability, with benefits for worker health, resource conservation, environmental justice, public health, and global warming. As a result, green chemistry is reaching out from a core set of technical principles to inform broad societal goals. As the field of green chemistry garners increasing attention in the scientific community and in society, it is worth recognizing that the 12 principles of green chemistry will be put to use in many contexts. We welcome the opportunity to join others in engaging with this promising field, with its relationship to the environmental health sciences and its role in effective public policy.