Greek ΜΝΗΣΘΗ and Aramaic DKYR in the Near East: A Comparative Epigraphic Study

Reviewed by: The Epigraphy of Ptolemaic Egypt ed. by Alan Bowman and Charles Crowther Brian Muhs (bio) The Epigraphy of Ptolemaic Egypt Alan Bowman and Charles Crowther (eds.) Oxford University Press, 2020. xxviii + 353 pp. $115.00 hardcover. This volume provides a welcome introduction to and survey of Greek epigraphy from Ptolemaic Egypt (332-30 BCE). It is a collection of chapters on various aspects of Ptolemaic Greek epigraphy that originated from a conference held in 2016, and it accompanies a separate Corpus of Ptolemaic Inscriptions that collects and publishes new editions of the Greek inscriptions discussed in the volume. The focus on the Ptolemaic period distinguishes the volume and the corpus from previous corpora, which [End Page 211] frequently combined Greek inscriptions from the Ptolemaic, Roman and other periods, and which were frequently restricted to specific regions of Egypt or to specific inscription types. This focus allows the chapters in the volume to explore the unique characteristics of Greek inscriptions under Ptolemaic rule. The chapters employ a variety of methods of categorizing and analyzing inscriptions, including language (monolingual Greek or multilingual), provenance (the Greek cities of Naukratis, Alexandria and Ptolemais, or the Egyptian countryside), media (Greek or Egyptian-style monuments), genres and types (foundation deposits, sacred dedications, and metrical texts), dedicants (soldiers and private associations), and methodology (content or palaeography). Most chapters employ statistics to provide overviews of the sets of inscriptions that they discuss, along with individual case studies to provide illustrative details. The editors have ensured that there is no unnecessary repetition of case studies between chapters, though their sets of inscriptions frequently overlap. Together the chapters effectively provide a survey of Ptolemaic Greek epigraphy, albeit with variable degrees of granularity. One interesting feature of Greek epigraphy from Ptolemaic Egypt is that it developed alongside a flourishing indigenous Egyptian epigraphic tradition. This feature means that the title of the volume is misleading. The use of the definite article in 'The Epigraphy' suggests that it covers all of the epigraphy of Ptolemaic Egypt, but the volume and the corpus are explicitly focused on Greek epigraphy and not the more numerous and extensive Egyptian-language inscriptions in Hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts from Ptolemaic Egypt. Language-restricted corpora do have their uses and some of the chapters in the volume explore them, such as Alan Bowman's chapter on Greek inscriptions of the cities of Naukratis, Alexandria, and Ptolemais, Kyriakos Savvopoulos's chapter on royal dedications from Alexandria, Simon Hornblower's chapter on Greek metrical texts, or Charles Crowther's chapter on Greek palaeography. Fortunately, other chapters in the volume investigate the ways in which Greek and Egyptian epigraphy interact, such as Rachel Mairs's chapter on multilingual inscriptions, and Dorothy Thompson's chapter on foundation deposits, in which Greek and Egyptian language inscriptions alternate and complement one another. Still other chapters acknowledge the entangled relationship between Greek and Egyptian epigraphic habits in Ptolemaic Egypt while remaining focused on Greek inscriptions, such as Willy Clarysse's chapter on Greek texts on Egyptian-style monuments, or Christelle Fischer-Bovet's chapter on Greek inscriptions dedicated by soldiers from diverse backgrounds in a variety of social contexts including Egyptian temples. [End Page 212] Another interesting feature of Greek epigraphy from Ptolemaic Egypt is that it exists alongside abundant documentary texts in both Greek and Demotic, while similar papyrological sources have rarely survived elsewhere in the ancient world. One chapter in the volume directly studies the relationship between epigraphic and papyrological sources, namely Willy Clarysse's chapter on inscriptions and papyri. Mario Paganini's chapter on Greek inscriptions dedicated by private associations in the Egyptian countryside also draws on the numerous references to private associations in documentary texts. Supratik Baralay's chapter on Hellenistic sacred dedications observes that individuals with Egyptian names rarely commemorated sacred dedications to Egyptian gods in Greek language inscriptions except in the Fayum and suggests a link to the high proportion of individuals with Greek names found in documentary texts from the Fayum in relation to taxation and the census. In summary, this volume provides a valuable introduction to Greek epigraphy in Ptolemaic Egypt. It describes the various types of Greek inscriptions, and several different approaches to studying them...

Bedside ultrasound training at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Hospital San Carlos in Chiapas, Mexico.

While traditionally archaeological research has mainly been focused on individual cultural heritage monuments or distinct archaeological sites, the Austrian based Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology goes beyond the limitations of discrete sites in order to understand their archaeological context. This is achieved by investigating the space in-between the sites, studying entire archaeological landscapes from the level of individual postholes to the mapping of numerous square kilometres. This large-scale, high-resolution, multi-method prospection approach leads to enormous digital datasets counting many terabytes of data that until recently were technically not manageable. Novel programs and methods of data management had to be developed for data acquisition, processing and archaeological interpretation, in order to permit the extraction of the desired information from the very big amount of data. The analysis of the generated datasets is conducted with the help of semi-automatic algorithms within complex three-, or even four-dimensional geographical information systems. The outcome of landscape archaeological prospection surveys is visually communicated to the scientific community as well as to the general public and stakeholders. In many cases, a visualization of the scientific result and archaeological interpretations can be a powerful and suitable tool to illustrate and communicate even complex contexts to a wide audience. This paper briefly presents the great potential offered by a combination of large-scale non-invasive archaeological prospection methods and standardized workflows for the integration of big data, its interpretation and visualization. The proposed approach provides a context for buried archaeology across entire archaeological landscapes, changing our understanding of known monuments. We address the overcome and remaining challenges with the help of examples taken from outstanding landscape archaeological prospection case studies.

In the Greek text of Mt. 16.18 Peter's name is Πέτρος, while the 'rock' is Πέτρα. Many have assumed an Aramaic substratum to the text whereby the same Aramaic term ﬤ'פּﬡ underlies both Greek words. An alternate view posits that while ﬤ'פּﬡ lies behind Πέτρα, a différent Aramaic term was most likely rendered by Πέτρα. This article examines the Aramaic and Syriac évidence afresh and at the same time proposes a methodology for studying such issues. It concludes that ﬤ'פּﬡ is a strong candidate for an original Aramaic background for Πέτρα.

This paper utilizes anthropological and sociological approaches to social memory to analyze the position and relevance of sacred sites among the Jakaltek Maya of the western highlands of Guatemala. Based on archaeological investigations and oral history, the connection between the past and present is analyzed in terms of collective memory, underscoring the importance of specific places and landscape in remembering as well as in reinforcing Jakaltek identity and history. Three distinct sacred sites are discussed, including their archaeological evidence; position (or lack of) in histories; disposition/creation as sacred site; and ties to the community's social memory. Sacred sites and social memory are viewed as a key component of indigenous activism and identity politics as well as an integral aspect to understanding the social context of archaeology in the Guatemalan Maya Highlands.

As a member of the Western type of text-indeed, its major representative-Codex Bezae (D) has been the object of countless hours of study for the sake of discovering its textual affinities 1). Scholars have. scrutinized it for evidence as regards its linguistic associations also. In all previous investigation, however, no one has undertaken a comprehensive analysis of the Greek text for the sake of determining its precise linguistic character 2). Many scholars have echoed the dictum of WESTCOTT and HORT, that of documents should precede final judgment upon readings 3). With respect to Codex Bezae, however, such knowledge appears to have been based all too often upon only a limited selection of stylistic and textual features of the manuscript. Since it has been the practice of scholars generally to treat the manuscript as a homogeneous entity (consisting of the Gospels and Acts), the idiosyncrasies of one portion of the manuscript have often been allowed to represent the whole. Only a comprehensive and definitive examination of all of the distinctive features of Codex Bezae will

ALTHOUGH a century has passed since Sir Henry Rawlison first published Shalmaneser III's reference to Ahab at the battle of Qarqar,' none of the Hebrew kings who preceded him have appeared in contemporary extra-biblical texts published since that time. As a result, the chronology of the Israelite monarchy prior to the time of that contact in 853 B.c. depends entirely upon data from the Old Testament, without the aid of other external synchronisms. Attempts have been made to enlist the Tyrian king list and the chronology of the Egyptian Twenty-Second Dynasty; however, the problematic nature of the sources has so far rendered them of little assistance in such a pursuit.2 Since the work of Paul de Lagarde in the late nineteenth century, Old Testament studies have witnessed a revival in both the comprehensive and sectional examination of the Greek version of the Hebrew chronology in the Books of Kings,3 with one of the

In this book, an international team of experts draws upon a rich range of Latin and Greek texts to explore the roles played by individuals at ports in activities and institutions that were central to the maritime commerce of the Roman Mediterranean. In particular, they focus upon some of the interpretative issues that arise in dealing with this kind of epigraphic evidence, the archaeological contexts of the texts, social institutions and social groups in ports, legal issues relating to harbours, case studies relating to specific ports, and mercantile connections and shippers. While much attention is inevitably focused upon the richer epigraphic collections of Ostia and Ephesos, the papers draw upon inscriptions from a very wide range of ports across the Mediterranean. The volume will be invaluable for all scholars and students of Roman history.

This work provides a comprehensive examination of the structural and magnetic properties of 6H-BaFeO2.96 over a wide temperature range (10 K < T < 300 K) using neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the local oxidation state of iron is examined using electron energy loss spectroscopy. No structural changes that could indicate a charge-order transition are observed in spite of a reported possible charge disproportionation of Fe4+ into Fe(4+δ)+ and Fe(4-δ)+ phenomenon at low temperature. According to the magnetic characterization, BaFeO2.96 orders antiferromagnetically at TN=156 K. The application of external magnetic fields strongly influences the magnetic behavior; the transition temperature shifts to lower values with the applied magnetic field and the long-range magnetic order melts with an applied field of 14 T. The magnetocaloric effect clearly shows at TN a change from negative to positive magnetic entropy. The Rietveld refinement of the neutron powder diffraction data collected at 10 K, gives a magnetic ordering with propagation vector [0, 0, ½] and three magnetically distinct sites for the Fe atoms. This magnetic structure consists of ferromagnetic Fe-sheets perpendicular to the c-axis with the magnetic moments along the [110] direction coupled both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetically along the c-axis. The magnetic moment values of the three Fe ions are very different evidencing a delicate equilibrium of competing magnetic interactions.