Grazing on Camelina sativa pasture: effects on mare body condition, metabolic profile, and fecal microbiota

Synbiotic-driven improvement of metabolic disturbances is associated with changes in the gut microbiome in diet-induced obese mice

An indoor and a grazing experiment was conducted to determine how estimated feed intake and digestion by grazing goats consuming concentrate, bahaigrass pasture, and mimosa browse changed with body weight (BW), level of supplementation, and forage chemical composition. Twenty four Boer wether goats were assigned in a completely randomized design with repeated measures on the following 3 treatments: concentrate, mimosa browse, and bahiagrass pasture. Internal markers used to estimate both dry matter (DM) digestibility (DMD) and DM intake (DMI) included acid detergent lignin (ADL) and acid insoluble ash (AIA). Marker-derived estimates of DMD and DMI were compared with DMD measured by total fecal collection or directly measured by in vivo feed intake rate. Both ADL and AIA-based markers in mimosa and bahiagrass diets were similar from those derived by in vivo DMD; however, AIA-based marker in concentrate was under-estimated (P < 0.01). These results indicate that ADL and AIA indigestible markers performed similarly to in vivo DMD in mimosa and bahiagrass, although AIA concentration in mimosa seemed to be low compared to others. All markers yielded feed intake estimates that differed from those derived by ADL (P < 0.03), AIA (P < 0.01), and in vitro DMD (P < 0.001) compared to in vivo control, with ADL (P < 0.05) and in vitro DMD (P < 0.01) by period interactions, indicating that estimated intake from ADL and in vitro DMD increased more in mimosa browse diet with time period than in concentrate and bahiagrass diets with that estimated intakes being decreased with corresponding the second period due to lower in vitro DMD (21% to 4%) in second period compared to the first period in both concentrate and bahiagrass diets, respectively. In the present study, mean marker recoveries were higher (P < 0.01) for bahiagrass and mimosa diets than for the concentrate diets for both ADL- and AIA-based markers. It can be concluded that the use of natural markers in ADL and AIA offers advantages over the total fecal collection or direct measurement of in vivo intake methods for digestibility studies. Both ADL and AIA occur in common forages at readily measurable levels and laboratory procedures are not difficult or time consuming. Therefore, both ADL and AIA have possible use in digestibility studies where other methods may not be applicable.

Effect of the dietary fibre origin on the digestion and on the caecal fermentation pattern of the growing rabbit

Buffalo is an amazing ruminant with high tolerance to low-quality roughage. Due to the special breeding environment, there are few reports on the digestibility of roughage in buffalo because it is difficult to quantify ingestion and egestion. To find more applicable method to determine the digestibility of low-quality roughage in buffalo, this study was conducted to compare total feces collection (TFC) method with the following three indirect techniques: Cr2O3 (chromic oxide), AIA (acid-insoluble ash), and ADL (acid detergent lignin), to determine rice straw digestibility in buffalo. Six non-pregnant, non-lactating female buffaloes were used in this experiment and the nutritional compositions of the rice straw and feces were measured. Using Cr2O3 and AIA methods, the digestibility of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), nitrogen free extract (NFE), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HC), and ADL did not have statistically significant differences compared with TFC (P > 0.05). However, the digestibility of DM, ash, OM, NFE, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, and ADL determined using ADL method were significantly lower than those using the TFC (P < 0.05). The feces recovery of Cr2O3 and AIA was 95.89% and 97.14%, which were higher than that of ADL (88.90%). In summary, compare with ADL method, TFC, Cr2O3, and AIA methods are more accurate to determine the roughage digestibility of buffalo. Furthermore, Cr2O3 and AIA methods are applicable and convenient to evaluate the roughage digestibility of buffalo under extensive feeding system.

آزمایش زیر به منظور تعیین بخش‌های پروتئین و کربوهیدرات برخی ارقام جو انجام شد. ارقام جو مورد آزمایش شامل: 1- یوسف، 2- نصرت، 3- CB.79.10، 4- ماکویی، 5- آبیدر و 6- سرارود بود. در این آزمایش ترکیب شیمیایی، نیتروژن غیر پروتئینی (PA)، پروتئین حقیقی سریع تجزیه شونده در شکمبه (PB1)، پروتئین حقیقی متوسط تجزیه (بخش PB2)، پروتئین حقیقی کند تجزیه (PB3)، پروتئین نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی (PC)، کربوهیدرات غیر ساختمانی (NSC)، کربوهیدرات سریع تجزیه شونده (CA)، کربوهیدرات متوسط تجزیه (CB1)، دیواره سلولی با قابلیت تجزیه کند (CB2) و دیواره سلولی غیر قابل هضم (CC) محاسبه شد. ارقام جو بر اساس ماده خشک 55-49 درصد نشاسته و 14-9 درصد پروتئین خام داشتند. مقدار پروتئین خام، دیواره سلولی، پروتئین محلول، نیتروژن غیر پروتئینی و نیتروژن متصل به دیواره سلولی تفاوت معنی‌داری بین ارقام جو داشت. رقم ماکویی بیشترین میزان پروتئین خام، پروتئین محلول، نیتروژن غیر پروتئینی و کمترین میزان نیتروژن متصل به دیواره سلولی را داشت. بخش‌های پروتئین و کربوهیدرات تفاوت معنی‌داری بین ارقام جو داشت. رقم ماکویی بیشترین میزان بخش PA و کمترین میزان بخشPB1 و PB3 را داشت. رقم آبیدر بیشترین میزان NSC و کمترین میزان CB2 را داشت. به طور کلی نوع رقم تأثیر معنی‌داری بر بخش‌بندی پروتئین و کربوهیدرات جو داشت. تفاوت در بخش‌های پروتئین و کربوهیدرات می‌تواند قابلیت دسترسی پروتئین و کربوهیدرات جو در نشخوارکنندگان را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش می‌تواند برای انتخاب و توسعه ارقام جو و تنظیم دقیق جیره غذایی نشخوارکنندگان استفاده شود.

Partial and total apparent digestibility of dietary carbohydrates in horses as affected by the diet

The use of internal markers to predict total digestibility and duodenal flow of nutrients in cattle given six different diets

Genetic variation for quality of early headed forage is well documented, as is the decline in quality with advancing maturity of spring growth forage. The objectives of this research were to i) evaluate nine polycross families of the B8HD smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) experimental synthetic for differences in response to advancing maturity (RTM) for the forage cell wall fractions neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose, hemicellulose, and insoluble ash on spring growth forage and ii) determine whether differences in RTM among the nine families were consistent across locations, years, and stand types (pure stands vs. alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., mixtures). Nine polycross families of B8HD were established in solid seeded plots, both with and without an alfalfa overseeding, at Hancock and Lancaster, WI in late August 1981. In 1982 and 1983, smooth bromegrass forage was sampled every 7 days for 7 weeks, beginning in early May. Quality of smooth bromegrass forage was reduced significantly in mixtures with alfalfa compared to pure stands. At most growth stages, polycross families in mixed stands averaged 10 to 15 g kg−1 higher in NDF, ADF, and cellulose, as compared to pure stands. Average differences between stand types for ADL and hemicellulose were too small to be of practical value. Polycross families differed significantly in their linear RTM effects for NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and in their quadratic RTM effects for NDF, ADF, ADL, and cellulose. Differences among families for RTM involved both changes in rank value at different growth stages and differences in the magnitude of response. For each trait, interactions of families with locations, years, and stand types were nonsignificant for RTM. Improved forage quality of B8HD would be expected as a result of selection for a slow RTM for NDF, ADF, or cellulose. Families selected for a slow RTM in pure stands should also have a slow RTM in mixed stands.

Effect of lignin linkages with other plant cell wall components on in vitro and in vivo neutral detergent fiber digestibility and rate of digestion of grass forages

In vivo digestibility of two different forage species inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza in Mediterranean red goats

Genetic variation for grain yield, straw yield and straw quality traits in 132 diverse rice varieties released for different ecologies such as upland, lowland, irrigated and salinity prone areas in India

Solid fermentation using celllolytic fungi: Pleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotus florida for upgrading of sugarcane bagasse to value-added ruminant feed were investigated. The fermentation of the substrate lasted for 21 days after which the changes in the chemical and mineral composition, and the in vitro gas production were evaluated. The results obtained showed an increase in the crude protein (%) from 6.43 (control) to 9.82 for Pleurotus sajor treated substrate (PSB) and 10.05 for Pleurotus florida treated substrate (PFB). The treatment effect on crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) was significant. Fungal treatment decreased crude fiber (%) from 37.49 (control) to 31.67 (PFB), NDF (%) from 65.92 (control) to 53.34 (PSB), ADF (%) from 49.94 to 34.79 (PSB), and ADL (%) from 15.13 to 9.74 (PSB). Most of the major and trace minerals were higher in the untreated bagasse with the exception of phosphorus (0.15g/kg), magnesium (1.80g/kg), potassium (2.70g/kg) and zinc (21.60g/kg). The degradation of the insoluble but degradable fraction (b, ml) was higher in the control (19.00) followed by PSB (16.00). The estimated organic matter digestibility (%), short chain fatty acid (?, mol) and metabolisable energy (MJ/Kg DM) increased from 38.77-50.06, 0.56-0.75 and 5.33-6.80 respectively. The gas volumes at 24h, 48h and 72h as affected by treatment was significant (P&lt;0.05) with more volumes of gas produced in the treated bagasse. The result obtained in this study showed that fungal treatment of bagasse improved the nutrient contents and digestibility.

Estimating compartmental and total tract apparent digestibility in horses using internal and external markers

Plant cell walls of forage provide a major source of energy for ruminant animals. Digestion of cell walls is limited by the presence of lignin, therefore the improving the digestibility of forages by reducing lignin content is a major goal in forage crop breeding programs. A recombinant inbred line maize population was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of leaf-sheath and stalk tissues. All traits were positively genetically correlated. The larger genetic correlations were between NDF and ADF in sheaths (r = 0.84), NDF and ADF (r = 0.96), ADF and ADL (r = 0.83), and NDF and ADL (r = 0.76) in stalks. Twelve QTL were detected for NDF and 11 QTL for ADF in leaf-sheaths. Eight QTL detected for both traits were defined by the same or linked marker loci. Eight QTL were associated with leaf-sheath ADL. Eleven QTL were detected for NDF and ADF, and 12 QTL for ADL in stalks. Nine of eleven QTL detected for both NDF and ADF in stalks coincided in their genomic position. A high proportion of QTL detected for these traits had the same parental effects and genomic locations, suggesting that it is only necessary to select on one fiber component (NDF or ADF) to improve digestibility. Favorable correlated responses of unselected fiber components are expected due to coincident genomic locations of QTL and the high genetic correlation between fiber components. Several QTL detected in this study coincided in their positions with putative cellulose synthase genes from maize.

The objective of this work was to study the effects of both Klason lignin (KL) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) on in vitro neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestion (IVNDFd) in an effort to assess if acid labile phenolic compounds affect the rate of degradation (kd). Eighty five forages (lucerne, maize silages and grasses) were analyzed for NDF, ADL, KL and IVNDFd (6, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, and 96 h fermentations were used for kd estimations). Correlations were estimated among lignin types (KL vs. ADL), lignin and extent of IVNDFd, and lignin type and NDF kd and tested for significance. Within and among all forage types, the correlation between ADL and KL was in general positive when on NDF basis and high and positive when on DM basis (0.77 to 0.90). Within and among all forages, only ADL was consistently negatively correlated with IVNDFd at all time points (-0.54 to -0.94). Correlations among forages for NDF kd and lignin type were not consistent. Among all forages, KL was negatively correlated with IVNDFd and NDF kd. The correlation between IVNDFd and ADL increased as fermentation length increased among all forages. However, the correlation of KL and IVNDFd was greatest up to 48 h of fermentation suggesting that the soluble phenolics affected both the rate and extent of IVNDFd. Unlike ADL, KL disappeared during IVNDFd, and in mostforages there was a high negative correlation associated with the difference between KL and ADL (L) and IVNDFd, except for brown midrib hybrids maize and early cut grasses that had a different behaviour. Among forages, a one unit increase in L corresponded to an average 18% decrease in the kd demonstrating that the greater the difference between KL and ADL the lower the rate of digestion.Keywords: Acid detergent lignin, Klason, digestibility