Abstract
Role of inflammation-induced oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic inflammatory airways diseases has received increasing attention in recent years. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is the primary transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther, a vegetable consumed in Taiwan, has been used in folk medicine for protection against liver injury through elevating antioxidation. Recently, we found that gallic acid is an active compound of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther, which has been reported to inhibit T-helper 2 cytokines. Currently, we assumed that Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther may potentially protect against ovalbumin-induced allergy and airway inflammation. Results demonstrated that Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther ethanolic extracts (GPE) clearly inhibited airway inflammation, mucus cell hyperplasia, and eosinophilia in OVA-challenged mice. Additionally, GPE also prevented T-cell infiltration and Th2 cytokines, including interleukin- (IL-)4, IL-5, and IL-13 generations in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. The adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were substantially reduced by GPE treatment mediated by Nrf2 activation. Moreover, GPE attenuated GATA3 expression and inhibited Th2 signals of the T cells. These findings suggested that GPE ameliorated the development of airway inflammation through immune regulation.
Highlights
Asthma is recognized as a common pulmonary disease and is a serious public health problem worldwide
We found that gallic acid is a major antioxidant of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. for hepatoprotection [15]
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected after the last OVA challenge through intranasal instillation
Summary
Asthma is recognized as a common pulmonary disease and is a serious public health problem worldwide. The levels of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, typically increase during an allergic disease These cytokines have important roles in airway infiltration, eosinophil activation, induction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, mucus secretion, and release of a variety of inflammatory mediators [7]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine regions of relevant genes and induces the transcription of numerous antioxidant and cellular defense genes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), NADP(H):quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [8] The roles of these enzymes and proteins in oxidative tissue stress have been widely discussed in the literature [9, 10]. We investigated the protective effects of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. against ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced asthma in vivo through Nrf activation in this study
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