Grappling with surveillance before datafication

The aim of this scientific study is to diagnose the nature of the relationship between academic education in the field of media, communication and media practice. The university offers theoretical and practical lessons to students on the concepts of communication sciences, theories, models, legislations, ethics, and techniques over three years or more. The diploma in the field of communication and Media Sciences, moreover, gives students the opportunity to work in the field of journalism and media in the future. This is what many academics and media thinkers in Algeria believe. While another trend sees the exact opposite: The study of information and communication sciences within the university in the form of theoretical lessons cannot contribute to the improvement and development of the level of the student who aspires to practice the profession of journalism. In this study, we will try to find out whether the academic experience in the field of media has a relationship with the media practice in the field, or that the professional practice in the field of journalism and the media requires other criteria and conditions that must be taken into account in the university stands.

This paper critically assesses the character of European (Union’s) privacy law and policy in the field of online media and electronic communications. Contrary to current understanding, this field of law is more fragmented and ill-developed than is often assumed, in particular by those discussing privacy law and policy in an international and transatlantic context. In fact, some of the most challenging regulatory issues in the field of online media and electronic communications still lack a well-developed common European approach and remain the subject of regulation at the level of the different member states of the European Union. Drawing on historic insights, the paper shows how EU policy making in the field of privacy and data protection is and remains strongly influenced by the EU institutional setting. In particular, the paper shows that the specific substantive outcome of European privacy law and policy is strongly influenced by and can only be understood properly through the lens of the ongoing project of European integration more generally. The paper will develop its main thesis by focusing on three important and current privacy issues and their treatment by EU lawmakers and the EU legal system. These are: (I.) the question of retention of communications meta-data (e.g. traffic and location data) in the field of electronic communications; (II.) the legal framework for liability of search engines for privacy and reputational harms in the online environment, including a 'right to be forgotten', and (III.) the question of the security of and the potential lawful access by foreign governments to data in the cloud. After discussing these substantive privacy policy issues and the legal frameworks that have developed (and are developing) to address them at the EU level, the paper will analyze these frameworks in view of the apparent interplay of the substance of privacy law and policy at the EU level on the one hand and the broader constitutional and institutional dynamics related to EU competency and integration. The paper starts with a discussion of the basic underlying motivations, rationales and competences for addressing privacy issues at the European level, which until recently were predominantly economic in nature. The implication of this is that some of the most pressing data privacy issues which are primarily non-economic in character, have been addressed at the fringes of what could be called the European approach to data privacy, in which the establishment of a functioning European internal market and the free flow of personal data under sufficient safeguards relating to data privacy are the dominant concerns. More recently, the adoption of the Lisbon treaty, the establishment of a binding right to data protection and privacy in the EU Charter and a new legal basis for the establishment of data protection rules at the EU level, EU privacy law and policy has become increasingly connected to the furtherance of the protection of privacy and data protection as fundamental rights more generally. Through the case studies in the paper, this dynamic of how policy rationales end up playing out at the EU level and inform the substance of privacy policies adopted, is illustrated in detail. In particular, the analysis shows how EU policy making tends to strive towards a common and comprehensive European approach, but typically fails to take account of some of the leading concerns, and is often simply not equipped or even allowed to include them in the process. For instance, there is significant disagreement about the weight that should be attributed to freedom of expression concerns in the online environment and the role of the EU with respect to media and the proper balancing of freedom and privacy in the media remains limited. With respect to national security concerns there are no European harmonization of national approaches at all. The result is that important policy concerns from the perspective of privacy in electronic communications end up being addressed indirectly, inefficiently and incompletely, through the European data privacy frameworks that may aspire to be comprehensive but would need significant reforms to achieve this aim. The article will discuss possible reforms but will warn against aspirations of further harmonization and unification of European Privacy Law. In the absence of fundamental institutional reform of the EU, further harmonization could end up being detrimental to other important policy goals currently addressed largely outside of the EU legal framework, including the issues of media freedom, criminal procedural justice and the protection of privacy and information security in relation to foreign intelligence agencies specifically discussed in this paper.

This paper first provided a brief background of public transportation development in the early age and how everything had transformed into modern society. Then dividing modern transportation development into different countries talked about each countrys uniqueness and compared them. Then, this paper connected the public transportation system with the field of media and communication. By providing and analyzing real events or research done in the field of advertising, political marketing, and social media, the present study shows how public transportation is connected to the media field in different ways. This paper further introduced what kind of positive impacts the relationship between social media and public transportation can be made to respond to an abnormal period of time in society. Lastly, this paper reiterated and concluded all the examples provided earlier in this paper around the relationship between public transportation in the media, making future prospects in the different fields of media and the relationship as a whole.

This article is devoted to the study of the Russian Far East regions media space. The goal is to identify the features and current trends in the development of regional media markets in the Far Eastern Federal District. Based on information from published vacancies in the field of mass media, the authors identified types of employers and determined the influence of demographic and socio-economic factors on the formation of demand for media specialists in various regions of the Far East. The research materials were obtained by monitoring vacancies on specialized job search sites. In the course of the work, 142 vacancies were analyzed, the necessary indicators were identified for the typology of employers, which include traditional media, news agencies, new media, brand media (corporate media), press services, and non-media enterprises. In general, the media market of the Far East in Russia is dominated by traditional media, however, in its various regions, the media market has its own characteristics depending on demographic and socio-economic indicators. There is a general dependence between population size, gross regional product per capita, the number of media enterprises, the number of employees employed by them, and the number of published vacancies in the field of information and communication.

The media as a component of the system of social interaction in a democracy and global communications is a vulnerable area of activity. The study examines modern phenomena in the field of media that are characteristic of the global information space in the context of digitalization and the emergence of artificial intelligence. The main aspects that influence the system of content production and distribution and the principles of interaction in the communication space are identified. The study of variable processes occurring in the communication space is very relevant for Ukraine, which is in a state of unprovoked domestic war with an aggressive neighbor. Today, almost no political or social action is possible without the media component, so it is important to study the transformation processes in this area. An important aspect for specialists in the field of social communications is the terminological content, the dictionary of specialized terms, which is updated with new definitions. The purpose of the study is to provide a comprehensive interdisciplinary view of the role and place of the media, to determine how new technologies of the modern information world of global communications are changing the media and how the media are changing the world; to modernize the conceptual apparatus in the system of media activity in the digital space, taking into account the rapid development of instrumental and technological capabilities. The methodology of the study is dictated by its interdisciplinary discourse, which allowed the use of both general scientific and special research methods. In particular, analysis and synthesis, generalization, hermeneutics, empirical observation and comparison, monitoring of the information space. Results. The modern vocabulary is proposed; the main trends and tendencies in the field of media, Public Relations, advertising and public communications are actualized; the reference points of influence of the emergence of artificial intelligence and the development of media digital space for politics and government are identified; the factors of media activity that become a threat to democratic countries, have a psychological impact on socio-political relations, change and deform reality are indicated; the main challenges for the work of journalists in the global information space are characterized: the quality of content, the decline in trust in traditional media, ets. Practical implications. An interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the modern media and information sphere gives a new impetus to scientific research in the field of social communications. Value/originality. Generalization and modernization of the vocabulary of social communications, actualization of problems and challenges for the media, socio-political and information space in connection with the development of artificial intelligence technologies with an emphasis on Ukrainian realities is a scientific novelty of the study. The authors offer a comprehensive view of the practices and professions associated with working in a communication space that is constantly evolving and turbulent. For Ukraine, this approach to analyzing the variable components of the digital sphere is unique, as the vulnerability of the socio-political space is exacerbated by the war and information influences from Russia.

The increasing influence of artificial intelligence technologies on society has raised the issue of developing appropriate professional competencies to work with innovation in key sectors of the economy, including media and communications. There is a public demand for the development of new digital skills and abilities - AI literacy. Competencies that allow us to critically comprehend AI algorithms, interact with them, and apply technologies in professional activities are becoming basic. AI literacy helps media and communication professionals become competitive and independent in the era of the new technological revolution. The purpose of the study was to study the concepts of literacy in the field of artificial intelligence that have developed at this stage of innovation development and to develop a model of AI competencies for specialists in the field of media and communications. The development of the AI competence model is based on the generalization of the views of domestic and foreign researchers, the study of media practices for the real implementation of AI algorithms in the Altai media industry and the determination of the level of AI literacy of students of mass media training areas of Altai State University. As a result, the author proposed a model of media companies in the field of AI technologies, which includes six key components: 1) knowledge of the basics of AI technologies, 2) understanding of the mechanisms of AI algorithms, 3) knowledge of artificial intelligence technologies for performing professional tasks in the field of media and communications, 4) critical understanding of AI technologies and products, 5) development of emotional intelligence,6) knowledge and application of legal and ethical regulations in the field of AI technologies. The proposed model should be considered as an important element of media education for future media professionals.

Today, the media around the world construct the modern media reality and play a key role in the processes of media globalization. In this regard, one of the important areas of international cooperation is the development of media and the creation of a common information space. In particular, the countries with developing economies that are part of the BRICS group entrust the mass media with the mission of strengthening mutual understanding between countries, developing cooperation in the political, economic and social spheres. One of the resources for achieving this goal, in our opinion, is higher education, which determines the quality of training future journalists. Therefore, the purpose of this article is a research analysis, suggesting the allocation of general and special in educational programs in journalism in high-ranking BRICS universities. The author provides a brief overview of the characteristics and problems of higher education in the countries of the "five". In the practical part, the websites of five high-ranking universities containing information on educational programs in journalism are analyzed. The analysis criteria include the mission of the department / faculty / school, educational objectives, features of bachelor's, master's and postgraduate programs, focus on international cooperation. The analysis revealed that higher journalism education at the selected universities strives to develop research in the field of media communications and prepare universal journalists capable of adapting to new socio-economic and technological conditions. At the same time, national characteristics and goals are preserved in educational programs. The number of educational programs in journalism is increasing and diversifying through the expansion of research in the field of media communications. There is an active integration of journalism education in the related fields of communications and media. At the same time, despite successful adaptation to globalization changes and readiness for international cooperation, journalism education in the BRICS countries retains national characteristics, offering alternative ways of developing professional journalism.

In our contemporary times, we face a multitude of crises, with the rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) being a significant one. The anxiety surrounding AI’s growing presence in daily life extends beyond its role in reproducing artwork and texts, such as through diffusion models and tools like ChatGPT. It also raises critical concerns about surveillance and control. What was once confined to the realm of Science Fiction, often portraying dystopian futures, is now an unavoidable reality. The rise of the data economy has made some form of surveillance omnipresent. Our political, ethical and ecological realities are increasingly entwined with AI, further complicating the dynamics and consequences of surveillance. Appupen and Laurent Daudet’s graphic novel Dream Machine (2024) explores the complex mechanisms of AI and its entanglement with capitalism, offering a nuanced critique of AI-driven surveillance. This paper aims to examine the intersection of surveillance, technology and capitalism through the lens of Dream Machine. By situating the novel within Shoshana Zuboff’s concept of ‘surveillance capitalism.’ The paper examines the dangers of unregulated AI advancement while also considering the potential for ethical AI integration. This analysis seeks to demonstrate how Dream Machine contributes to contemporary debates on AI and surveillance.

Purpose of the study: The advent of digital media along with the recent boom of smartphones has changed the atlas of communication. The ubiquity of Social media has led to its increased use in all aspects of communication as against conventional media. Politics is not an exception. The role of social media in political discourses, engagement, and mobilization is widely realized and practiced and has become an important mode of political communication in India. In this paper, we explore the current academic corpus on political communication in the context of social media. Methodology: The narrative literature review method proposed by Green, Johnson, and Adams (2006) was employed as the method for this article. Relevant peer-reviewed papers published during the period 2011-18 were considered for the narrative review. Appropriate papers were selected by a Google Scholar search using the keywords ‘Social media’, ‘India’ and ‘political communication. Main Findings: The broad aim of the present paper was to explore the current academic literature in the field of social media and political communication. The narrative literature review undertaken indicates scant work with limited focus on the broader issues. Social media influence on voting behavior and political engagement was the well-explored domain, but the determinants and uniqueness of such communication have not been explored. Applications of this study: The indications from the review showcase that the magnitude and essence of political communication have changed through the years. The spectrum of political communication through social media has a great role in political and civic engagement. This study will be useful to the researchers in the field of mass communication, journalism, and political science. Novelty/Originality of this study: The conventional mainstream media and social media are increasingly showing a pattern of convergence and mutual exclusiveness. One of the critical findings from the review is that the gender domains of social media and political communication in India have not been given much attention and empirical evidence is scanty. Future research in the field of social media in India should focus on the gendered spheres of political communication.

This paper draws on my experience over two decades as part of an early generation of scholars who graduated with a PhD in sociology into a career as a researcher and teacher in the multidisciplinary field of digital media. I reflect on my experiences to offer an assessment of the state of digital media scholarship within sociology and the field of communication. The study of digital media remains underdeveloped within sociology. In part, this is due to disciplinary failures, an array of relevant, specialized areas within sociology have yet to fully realize the role of digital media. Sociological perspectives are also constrained through a dominant ‘communication perspective’ at the center of the field of communication. Communication is home to most digital media scholars and uses its institutional dominance to arbitrate what qualifies as scholarship. Whereas communication serves as a plural disciplinary catch-all for the subjects of the social sciences, it often does so without crossing the boundaries of a relatively homogeneous, epistemological framework. That framework does not adequately represent sociological perspectives on digital media. I point to key differences between sociology and communication that tend to marginalize sociological perspectives. These differences have also served to render the field of communication less relevant to sociology (and likely to other disciplines in the social sciences). I stress the importance of building institutions and practices that support (multi)disciplinary representation in the field to strengthen sociology and other perspectives and avoid a myopic lens on our understanding of digital media and social life.

Despite Pakistan’s great geographic, cultural and demographic diversity, it shares many challenges and issues that are fundamental to improve the quality and relevance of media education as a means of human resources development and reliable source of information for ignorance stricken but an emerging nation. Educational institutes which are imparting media education must consider a coherent strategy for training of media students in which on campus training facility plays an important and vital role. Among the critical issues that must be considered when planning training programs to develop above mentioned resources are the following: Growing number of students in media schools and continuously increasing utilization of media by masses; poor offers of internships for fresh graduates at media houses and inefficiency of PEMRA in ensuring training facilities for students at these media houses; increasing demands for secondary and technical education; and poorly managed training infra structure at public sector media schools. The success of on campus training of media students in any developing country can be considered a key indicator of the country‘s advancement in the field of media and it is sure to have well learned and seasoned journalist that can be given responsibility of information dissemination and social awareness. Any country that evolved into an advanced one in communication field, media training must have played an active and vital role as skilled manpower would have been required, also to enable its sustainability. The choice of this paper title was done having carefully considered the following factors:  Pakistan has entered into an era of free media where information flow is very rapid and has been seen as the most actively participated activity, by workers and users.  Recent years’ national political scenario has gone through a phase of transition from dictatorship to democracy which it largely owes to free media. It advocates need and utility of media for Pakistan.  Geographic diversity, cultural & ethnic diversity makes a lot of space for development through media which requires well trained media professionals.  Community media has played an active role in disaster management, as in 2006 earth quake PUFM 104.6 played an active role, advocates need of more functional and active media training facilities. This paper compares facilities available in media schools in order to know their current strength for producing highly motivated and learned media professionals. The survey research method has been employed to collect information of equipment and manpower available to these media training schools. By the end, the paper suggests ways to make things better by improving facilities for the students of media in order to have professional and trained work force for newly born media of Pakistan. Key words; Pakistan, Education, Training, Media Schools, PUFM 104.6, Radio Kinnaird 96.6, Voice of LCWU 97.6, Political Change, awareness.

Importance. In 2023, the demand for the “Service-learning” methodology has increased significantly due to the updating of approaches to the implementation of state policy to preserve and strengthen traditional values in the system of educational work of an educational organization of higher education. Currently, “Service-learning” is considered as a special form of project-based learning, which involves the development of professional skills among undergraduate students through their close interaction with non-profit organizations. In this context, we are talking about creating conditions for more effective mastery of the educational program by involving students in socially significant project activities, which are directly related to what is within the scope of interests and practice-oriented activities of students. The methodology is aimed at developing citizenship, patriotism, civic solidarity and traditional values in students. The university as an educational center provides students with great opportunities for self-realization and practical activities. An educational organization of higher education is an effective platform for the development of intellectual areas of volunteering, which include media volunteering. The purpose of the study is to identify the attitude of the specialized expert community and employers in the media field to the promotion of volunteering and support of media volunteering as an effective tool for developing professional and universal competencies of students in communication fields of study in the process of integrating the “Service-learning” methodology into the university educational environment. Research methods. Media volunteer activities are studied in the context of the professional development of students in communication areas of training, as well as the introduction of the “Service-learning” methodology. The influence of media volunteer experience on the career trajectory and personal development of students is considered. The methodology of an expert survey with experienced managers in the media field was is in order to identify the attitude of the specialized expert community to the development of media volunteering and expanding the range of its effects for both subjects and beneficiaries. Results and Discussion. It is revealed that the expert community in the field of communications has a positive attitude towards the promotion of volunteerism, and media volunteer experience is considered by the majority of respondents as a competitive advantage in the labor market. At the same time, there is a lack of awareness among experts about the specifics of media volunteering, and a number of problems and opportunities for development in the field of promoting volunteerism are identified. Among the problems: lack of information about the opportunities and forms of volunteering, lack of specialized promotion skills among representatives of the non-profit sector, as well as adherence to outdated forms of communication. Opportunities include: attracting and stimulating media volunteers, monitoring and using new formats and communication channels, creating creative projects and using storytelling. Conclusion. Media volunteering, based on expert opinion, can be considered an effective area of practice within the framework of the “Service-learning” methodology, aimed both at developing professional and non-professional skills of students in communication areas of training, and at developing volunteer activity as one of the priority areas of Russia’s youth policy.

The rapid pace of technological change over the last decade, particularly in relation to social media and network connectivity, has deeply affected the ways in which individuals, groups, and institutions interact socially: This includes how music is made, learned, and taught globally in all manner of diverse contexts. The multiple ways in which social media and social networking intersect with the everyday life of the musical learner are at the heart of this book. The Oxford Handbook of Social Media and Music Learning opens up an international discussion of what it means to be a music learner, teacher, producer, consumer, individual, and community member in an age of technologically-mediated relationships that continue to break down the limits of geographical, cultural, political, and economic place. This book is aimed at those who teach and train music educators as well as current and future music educators. Its primary goal is to draw attention to the ways in which social media, musical participation, and musical learning are increasingly entwined by examining questions, issues, concerns, and potentials this raises for formal, informal, and non-formal musical learning and engagement in a networked society. It provides an international perspective on a variety of related issues from scholars who are leaders in the field of music education, new media, communications, and sociology in the emerging field of social media.

The article comprehensively reflects the problems of artificial intelligence in the media as an achievement of the fourth industrial revolution. We will study the influence of artificial intelligence on the media and the conditions of its interaction from a comparative perspective. Computer tools that mimic a person's individual mind and actions form the basis of artificial intelligence. This area began to develop as a separate scientific direction in the second half of the twentieth century. Its main activities were management, analysis, comparison, synthesis of information in society, proving the correctness of forecasts and assumptions and drawing conclusions. The research article's purpose is to consider, through in-depth scientific analysis, the problems of artificial intelligence in the media as an achievement of Kazakhstan's fourth industrial revolution economic program policy. The authors conducted chronological research by analyzing scientific and theoretical works and publications on artificial intelligence. The main scientific and theoretical values of the study include new ideas and conclusions about artificial intelligence. Definitions and scientific analyses by domestic and foreign scientists determining the role of artificial intelligence in the development of new technologies are described. The authors of the article, who studied expert and analytical articles about artificial intelligence in traditional media, attempt to thoroughly investigate its dangers and benefits for society. The results of the study can be used to promote practical work in the field of media and communication, its adaptation to new technologies and the implementation of effective strategic premises.

The British Museum founded in 1753 is one of the largest museums filled with looted artifacts. Countries of origin of cultural properties are demanding the return of the artifacts held by the British Museum, but the museum is refusing their requests. The issues were studied including legal, and historical perspectives. However, there was a lack of research in the field of media or communication. This study introduced the topic distribution of each country’s coverage of the British Museum and its cultural assets. Dirichlet Multinomial Regression (DMR) topic modeling method was used to analyze news topics. The country where each article was reported was set as metadata. With the DMR model, 25,744 major news data collected from LexisNexis were investigated. News reports in the United Kingdom (UK) identified a relatively less tendency to deal with the topics of looted artifacts and repatriation. This research confirmed how the country has reported on specific issues by using the DMR method. Additionally, by applying agenda-setting theory, mass media’s role in the repatriation issue of the British Museum was discussed.