Abstract
Graphitisation of structural characteristics and improvement in electrical conductivity was reported onto waste carbon powder through femtosecond laser annealing. Raman spectroscopy on the carbon powder pre- and post-annealing showed a shift from amorphous-like carbon to graphitic-like carbon, which can be explained by the three-stage model. Electrical I-V probing of the samples revealed an increase in conductivity by up to 90%. An increase in incident laser power was found to be correlated to an increase in conductivity. An average incident laser power of 0.104 W or less showed little to no change in electrical characteristics, while an average incident laser power of greater than 1.626 W had a destructive effect on the carbon powder, shown through the reduction in powder. The most significant improvement in electrical conductivity has been observed at laser powers ranging from 0.526 to 1.286 W. To conclude, the graphitisation of waste carbon powder is possible using post-process femtosecond laser annealing to alter its electrical conductivity for future applications.
Highlights
Human-generated waste is a key source of pollution and a significant source of environmental damage
This indicates the visible, structural impact of femtosecond laser annealing on treated carbon black waste
The results show the non-linear electrical conductivity of the carbon powder prior to laser annealing, which is a typical behaviour due to the amorphous nature of the carbon powder samples
Summary
Human-generated waste is a key source of pollution and a significant source of environmental damage. A potentially recyclable component of human-generated waste is carbon-based, such as ash or sludge from oil combustion or refining processes [1,2,3]. Waste carbon sources have the potential to be modified and functionalised in order to achieve desired characteristics in their future applications. This is due to the ability of carbon to exist in different allotropes, which are differentiated by their different bonds or structures, allowing them to possess different physical and electronic characteristics [4]. Carbon has the potential to be utilised for many electronic applications due to these promising characteristics
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