Abstract

The generation of photocatalytic hydrogen via water splitting under light irradiation is attracting much attention as an alternative to solve such problems as global warming and to increase interest in clean energy. However, due to the low efficiency and selectivity of photocatalytic hydrogen production under solar energy, a major challenge persists to improve the performance of photocatalytic hydrogen production through water splitting. In recent years, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a non-metal photocatalyst, has emerged as an attractive material for photocatalytic hydrogen production. However, the fast recombination of photoexcited electron–hole pairs limits the rate of hydrogen evolution and various methods such as modification, heterojunctions with semiconductors, and metal and non-metal doping have been applied to solve this problem. In this review, we cover the rational design of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts achieved using methods such as modification, metal and non-metal doping, and heterojunctions, and we summarize recent achievements in their application as hydrogen production photocatalysts. In addition, future research and prospects of hydrogen-producing photocatalysts are also reviewed.

Highlights

  • As interest in the fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution has increased, the development of clean energy has recently attracted increased attention

  • The overall water splitting by a photocatalyst under sunlight irradiation enables the production of environmentally friendly molecular hydrogen and does not use fossil fuel [10]

  • The delamination of the layer material to provide by the two-dimensional single-atom sheet has led to exfoliation of mesoporous g-C3N4 prepared the thermal polymerization of freeze-dried unique physical properties such as a large surface area, a very high unique carrier mobility, and a nanostructured precursors

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Summary

Introduction

As interest in the fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution has increased, the development of clean energy has recently attracted increased attention. The overall water splitting by a photocatalyst under sunlight irradiation enables the production of environmentally friendly molecular hydrogen and does not use fossil fuel [10]. G-C3N4 is synthesized by the thermal condensation of nitrogen-rich precursors with a tri-s-triazine ring structure such as cyanamide, dicyandiamide, urea, or thiourea, precursors with a tri-s-triazine ring structure such as cyanamide, dicyandiamide, urea, or thiourea, resulting in a graphene-like structure after exfoliation (Figure 1) [26]. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted attention as a hydrogen-generating photocatalyst via water splitting. G-C3 N4 is synthesized by the thermal condensation of nitrogen-rich photocatalyst via water splitting. Photocatalysis research based onon g-C make even under visible-light irradiation

Generation
N4 nanomesh produces an atomically thin indicating that the
Heterojunctions and Photocatalysis
N4 nanosheets g-C
N34N thethe
Metal- and Non-Metal-doped g-C
Summary and and Perspectives
N4 -based photocatalysts

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