Graphdiyne-modified cross-linkable fullerene as an efficient electron-transporting layer in organometal halide perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Interface engineering resulting in good contact, enhanced transport capability, and matched energy levels is indispensable and critical for the development of high-performance planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we report an excellent electron-transporting layer (ETL) that can simultaneously enhance the stability and efficiency of n-i-p planar PSCs. Large π-conjugated graphdiyne (GD) was introduced into cross-linkable fullerene [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric styryl dendron ester (PCBSD) to improve the film orientation. Raman spectroscopy and 2D grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements revealed that a strong π–π stacking interaction occurred between GD and cross-linkable PCBSD (C-PCBSD), generating a face-on stacked composite film. The orientated C-PCBSD:GD films was favorable for the growth and crystallization of the subsequent perovskite films and provided the merits of superior electron mobility, efficient charge extraction and energy-level tailoring. In addition, the thermally annealed C-PCBSD:GD film provided an adhesive film network with sufficient solvent resistance. Consequently, the perovskite devices delivered a power conversion efficiency of 20.19% with obviously improved cell stability. This indicates a potential application of GD-modified cross-linkable fullerene as an ETL in n-i-p structure PSCs. The finding opens a new route to deposit the fullerene films with ordered orientation by 2D materials with large π-conjugation, and thus to control the subsequent perovskite crystallization.