Abstract
In recent years, new highly functional polymeric biomaterials are being developed to increase the therapeutic efficacy in tissue regeneration approaches. Peptides regulate most physiological processes and display several other biological activities. Therefore, their importance in the field of biomedical research and drug development is rapidly increasing. However, the use of peptides as therapeutic agents is restricted by some of their physicochemical properties. The development of improved routes of delivery of peptide-based therapeutics is crucial and is crucial and its biomedical value is expected to increase in the near future. The unique properties of hydrogels triggered their spreading as localized drug depots. Several strategies, such as the carbodiimide chemistry, have been used to successfully immobilize bioactive peptide sequences into the hydrogels backbone. Peptide tethering through the so-called “click” chemistry reactions is also a highly promising, yet underexplored, approach to the synthesis of hydrogels with varying dimensions and patterns. The present review focus on the approaches that are being used for the establishment of chemical bonds between peptides and non-peptidic hydrogels throughout the last decade.
Highlights
In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of polymers for biomedical applications
The aim of this review is to identify the recent approaches used to covalently bound peptides to hydrogels, describing advantages and limitations of each strategy [7], with particular emphasis on
Insertion of cyclooctyne-based building blocks in peptides is incompatible with current procedures in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), since cyclooctynes are highly reactive, especially with the acidic compounds used in the final cleavage/deprotection steps in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). This may be circumvented by alternative synthesis of azido-peptides to be subsequently reacted with cyclooctyne-modified scaffolds; in this connection, DeForest and Anseth developed a Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (SPAAC) “click” reaction between a terminal difluorinated cyclooctyne (DIFO)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel and a bis(azide) di-functionalized polypeptide [125]
Summary
There has been significant progress in the development of polymers for biomedical applications. An effective functionalization is dependent on the biomaterial propensity for functionalization and how those modifications will affect its properties For these reasons, the development of new biomimetic polymers with tunable physicochemical characteristics, according to the desired application, and capable of being functionalized with bioactive building blocks is highly needed. The development of new biomimetic polymers with tunable physicochemical characteristics, according to the desired application, and capable of being functionalized with bioactive building blocks is highly needed Hydrogels, due to their unique physicochemical properties and unique swelling behavior, are being widely used for tissue engineering applications. Peptides and polypeptides domains have been used to functionalize polymer-based materials in order to obtain new materials with controllable structure, degradability and stimuli sensitive properties This approach is currently being used for the synthesis of highly multifunctional polymeric scaffolds with controllable assembly and characteristics. These approaches are reviewed and refer to the last decade, i.e., reports from 2005 to the present date
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