Abstract
As per the requirement of metabolism and fitness, normal cellular functions are controlled by several proteins, and their interactive molecular and signaling events at multiple levels. Protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms ensure the correct folding and proper utilization of these proteins to avoid their misfolding and aggregation. To maintain the optimum environment of complex proteome PQC system employs various E3 ubiquitin ligases for the selective degradation of aberrant proteins. Glycoprotein 78 (Gp78) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that prevents multifactorial deleterious accumulation of different misfolded proteins via endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). However, the precise role of Gp78 under stress conditions to avoid bulk misfolded aggregation is unclear, which can act as a crucial resource to establish the dynamic nature of the proteome. Present article systematically explains the detailed molecular characterization of Gp78 and also addresses its various cellular physiological functions, which could be crucial to achieving protein homeostasis. Here, we comprehensively represent the current findings of Gp78, which shows its PQC roles in different physiological functions and diseases; and thereby propose novel opportunities to better understand the unsolved questions for therapeutic interventions linked with different protein misfolding disorders.
Highlights
Glycoproteins are a special class of macromolecules composed of carbohydrate moieties attached covalently to proteins, achieving specialized structures to perform a variety of functions (Spiro, 1970)
We provide a brief overview of the possible therapeutic strategies based on the applications of this E3 ubiquitin ligase in the cure of various diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration
A recent study reported that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 mediated phosphorylation of Glycoprotein 78 (Gp78) causes its ubiquitination and degradation, which results in increased rate of neuronal death in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (Wang Y. et al, 2017)
Summary
Glycoproteins are a special class of macromolecules composed of carbohydrate moieties attached covalently to proteins, achieving specialized structures to perform a variety of functions (Spiro, 1970). A recent study reported that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 mediated phosphorylation of Gp78 causes its ubiquitination and degradation, which results in increased rate of neuronal death in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (Wang Y. et al, 2017) Another novel example of Gp78 involvement in neuroprotection is its association with cholesterol homeostasis, which suggests the probable role of Gp78 in slowing down neurodegeneration by maintaining cholesterol metabolism via its well-known ERAD substrate HMG-CoA reductase (Cao et al, 2007; Anchisi et al, 2013; Zhang and Liu, 2015). More research is needed to explore the therapeutic aspects of this signaling pathway (Romagnoli et al, 2003)
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