Abstract
Abstract The fundamental physical principles that underlie all fluid flow are: (1) mass is conserved; (2) Newton's 2nd Law, F=ma; and (3) energy is conserved. The general equations that mathematically express these principles are; (1) continuity equation; (2) momentum equation; and (3) energy equation. Fluid dynamics can be subdivided into various types of flow; inviscid flows (the transport phenomena of friction, thermal conduction, and diffusion are neglected) for which the flow equations become the Euler equations, and viscous flows (including the transport phenomena) for which the flow equations become the Navier‐Stokes equations. Flows can be further classified as either incompressible or compressible, and rotational or irrotational. A special type of flow, potential flow, is both inviscid and irrotational. Incompressible potential flows are governed by Laplace's equation, and can be synthesized by superposing various elementary flows to obtain more complicated flows. Some elementary flows are uniform flow, source flow and vortex flow. Combinations of these to obtain flow over a circular cylinder are shown. The concept of circulation is given, along with its role in the famous and historic circulation theory of lift. Finally, various flows can be classified under different Mach number regimes – subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic.
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