Governance and social capital in the co-management of benthic resources in Chile: contributions from a network analysis to the study of small-scale artisanal fisheries

Co-management or collaborative management is considered tobe a relational institution, since it places emphasis not only on the administrationof resources as such, but also on the social relations between multipleactors with diverse interests in the territory. For this reason, growing interestexists in studying comanagement using social network analysis (sna) and therelated concept of social capital. In this article, we present two applicationsfor the use of sna to understand co-management, using the Chilean systemof Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (amerb) as acase study. sna tools are applied speci-fically to: 1) describe and analyse thegovernance network underlying the amerb system, and 2) explore the roleof fisher organizations’ social capital in co-management functioning andperformance. Based on the applications described in the article, we proposethe social network approach as a promising and complementary standpointfor the development and reformulation of more effective public policy, withgrowing participation of local communities.

This chapter applies social identity analysis to social capital theory in order to explain trust and conflict in social networks. It reformulates Putnam's bridging-bonding social capital distinction in terms of the relational social identities-categorical social identities distinction, and represents individuals as socially embedded by explaining them in social identity terms. The goal of the argument is to show how an individual-social group dynamic which social identity theory examines interacts with a conflict-trust dynamic which social capital theory examines. Different types of individual motivation are linked to different social capital-social identity forms. Social group conflict is explained in connection with social psychology's stigma identity-threat model. Individual response to identity conflict is explained in terms of cognitive dissonance reduction.

Creating the Conditions for Intergenerational Justice: Social Capital and Compliance

In this article we show that associational relationships and social norms of villages in rural Tanzania are both capital and social. After outlining the various concepts of social capital we tell how and why we created data on social capital using a large-scale household survey in rural Tanzania that was designed to query households about their social connections and attitudes. By using the Social Capital and Poverty Survey (SCPS) and data from a different survey, which also had information on incomes, we show that a village’s social capital has an effect on the incomes of the households in that village, an effect that is empirically large, definitely social, and plausibly causal. Finally, we use the two data sets to examine a number of proximate channels through which social capital appears to operate.

Faculty development is increasingly acknowledged as an important aspect of health professions education. Its conceptualization has evolved from an individual skills training activity to contemporary notions that draw on an organizational model. This organizational model recognizes relationships and networks as important mediators of knowledge mobilization. Although such conceptual advancements are critical, we lack empirical evidence and robust insights into how social networks function to shape learning in faculty development. The purpose of this study was to understand how informal professional social networks influence faculty development learning in the health professions. This study used a qualitative social network approach to explore how teaching faculty's relationships influenced their learning about teaching. The study was conducted in 2018 in an undergraduate course at a Canadian medical school. Eleven faculty participants were recruited, and 3 methods of data collection were employed: semistructured interviews, participant-drawn sociograms, and demographic questionnaires. The social networks of faculty participants influenced their learning about teaching in the following 4 dimensions: enabling and mobilizing knowledge acquisition, shaping identity formation, expressing vulnerability, and scaffolding learning. Faculty developers should consider faculty's degree of social embeddedness in their professional social networks, as our study suggests this may influence their learning about teaching. The findings align with recent calls to conceptually reorient faculty development in the health professions as a dynamic social enterprise.

Context: The importance of the involved stakeholders and their networks in vocational education and training (VET) focussing on international transfer and cooperation is highlighted in various empirical studies. A systematic empirical survey of these by means of social network analysis, however, has hardly been applied to date. This article is concerned with the development of social capital in the course of network formation and its sustainability. The object of investigation is the funded European VET innovation project AI Pioneers within the Erasmus+ program of the European Union. The main objective of the project is to establish and expand an international network in the context of VET in order to support the exchange of expertise on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education. Approach: To answer the research questions, the first step was to combine theoretical approaches from a social network perspective from psychology in relation to the analysis of interpersonal trust, sociology regarding the social capital approach and business administration by addressing the roles of actors in innovation processes. Among others, the social network perspective in this study is based on the work of Granovetter as well as Marsden and Campbell. For the data collection, a fully structured interview questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guideline were developed based on the theoretical framework of the study. In the second step, a multi-perspective egocentric network analysis was carried out: Data on a total of N = 10 egocentric networks were collected from the funded partners in the AI Pioneers project to gain an overall picture of the combined social capital and network structures. For the visualisation of the network data, the type of structured and standardised network maps was used. Findings: Regarding the establishment of social capital in the analysed innovation project AI Pioneers, it can be emphasised that a total of 74 relationships have been recorded in the 10 egocentric networks combined. In line with the project objectives, the education sector is addressed by the majority of the analysed relationships (n = 54), with (technical) vocational schools making up a substantial part of these. Focussing on the sustainability of the surveyed network structures: Most of the analysed relationships already existed before the project start and were consolidated during it (n = 57), while new ones were also established (n = 17). In addition, the continuous development of mutual trust and the need for equal cooperation is emphasised: A relatively high level of mutual trust can be recorded overall in the analysed egocentric networks (n = 55), while a low mutual trust is present in 19 relationships which is described due to e.g. asymmetrical power relations or a lack of commitment. The results show that the relationships analysed primarily contribute their resources in the form of expertise and their networking knowledge to the egocentric networks. Furthermore, a high level of interest and willingness to support the AI Pioneers project can be captured, particularly due to the novelty of the topic and the application of AI in VET. Conclusions: The study makes a significant contribution to VET research and its methodological set by using social network analysis with a combination of qualitative approaches for analysing egocentric networks from multiple perspectives. The importance of allocating resources to the creation of social capital regarding cooperation, network building and the sustainable maintenance of established structures can be emphasised. In this respect the benefits of a network-based approach can be highlighted in the context of the Erasmus+ program and the partnerships for innovation on forward-looking topics. In addition, the development of the two structured survey instruments in this study can be emphasised, which can be further developed on the basis of future research. Further quantitative network analyses would be valuable for VET research, especially against the background of innovation drivers and network formation, such as market and trend-related drivers due to demands and developments in the field of AI in education.

Background
Social capital is frequently invoked as a reason for engaging in collaborative environmental governance. Yet we have a limited understanding of how collaborative environmental governance mobilizes different types of social capital and how the advantages and costs of social capital accrue for different groups of people. Explicit measures of social capital, such as through social network methods, will help build an understanding of how social capital facilitates collective processes and for whom.
Methods
We reviewed highly cited articles in Web of Science and Scopus using “social capital” as the search term to identify foundational and emergent social capital concepts. In the context of collaborative environmental governance, we operationalized these social capital concepts with network measures drawn from our expertise and highlighted existing empirical relationships between such network measures and collaborative outcomes.
Review results
We identified two different camps of social capital concepts - one based on social relations that could be readily operationalized with social network measures and the other based on actor characteristics that can further contextualize network data. Relational social capital concepts included social relations among actors; the collective social setting in which relations are embedded; and the advantages and costs that social capital confers to individuals and the collective. Social capital concepts based on actor characteristics included socio-cognitions (e.g., trust, norms, identification with a group, shared meanings) and community engagement (e.g., group membership, civic participation, volunteerism). Empirical evidence using social network approaches to measure social capital reveals patterns in relationship building that influence collaborative and other sustainability outcomes.
Discussion
Social network approaches described here may help define and quantify the social capital mobilized by collaborative governance. Additional research is necessary to track the social capital of collaboratives over time, link it to outcomes, and better understand the social justice implications of collaborative governance.

A Social Capital Framework for Palliative Care: Supporting Health and Well-Being for People With Life-Limiting Illness and Their Carers Through Social Relations and Networks

‘Staying in the Nationalist Bubble’

Social capital theory is a valuable theoretical framework in the field of higher education—as it has been used to examine differences in important educational outcomes based on students’ social network and the resources embedded in that network. Despite multiple well-established methods proposed by seminal researchers, there is limited synthesis of how to assess social capital, perpetuating inconsistent findings and evidence for educational interventions. The aim of the study is to evaluate quantitative social capital assessments, based on survey design and operationalized measures, and recommend methods, operationalized measures and assessment instruments for social capital. Using seven educational databases and Web of Science, we reviewed 93 English language, quantitative studies from peer-reviewed journals, published from 1980 to 2022; to be included, studies had to measure the social capital of students entering and currently in undergraduate studies. Results from the 93 articles revealed that generators (18 papers), social network analysis (5 papers), and standard Likert measures (80 papers) were commonly used to assess social capital. Standard Likert measures, while most common, were rarely aligned with social capital theory, reducing the validity of the measures. Results also showed that operationalizations of social capital were heavily rooted in social network theory, where social capital is accessed through social networks (86 papers) and actions from alters (65 papers) in the students’ network. However, direct measures of social capital—that is, network characteristics, access to supports, and seminal definitions of trust and community—were less common. This study provides important consensus and recommendations for researchers to select assessment instruments appropriate for their study and rooted in principles of assessment validity. We recommend researchers select survey methods (e.g., social capital generators) and operationalizations (e.g., actions from alters) that are well aligned with social capital theory. Assessment instruments designed using strong theoretical frameworks, such as Lin’s network theory of social capital, add to the validity of the researchers’ instrument design, use and interpretation of the students’ social capital scores.

The impact that social relationships can have on human affairs is now widely recognised, not least in the field of enterprise. However if we just label that such helpful contact as social capital without further investigation of its nature, then we likely to view it from a perspective of what we think social capital is – and it is clear that it has a variety of interpretations. This paper therefore first seeks to identify ways in which social relationships can impact on enterprise before seeing how that might fit with our concept(s) of social capital. Instead of considering what is social capital and how it is relevant to enterprise, it explores what aspects of social relationships can be relevant to enterprise and then asks whether that is social capital. The aim is to consider the potential relevance of social connections for new and small businesses and how that might be linked to the concept of social capital. To do this the paper first seeks to identify how social contact can be helpful to enterprise through a series examples which to show various ways in which knowing other people and recognising and utilising the potential to secure mutual benefit from those connections can be a crucial factor in business. It then compares these potential benefits with some of the things said about social capital to show how they might be related and suggests an analogy with the role of vitamins in diet which could help to link the two.

Chapter 3 - Privacy-Preserving Social Network Integration, Analysis, and Mining

1. Introduction The concept of social capital is currently one of trendiest terms in social and behavioral sciences. It has been widely used in disciplines as diverse as sociology, economics, political science, and psychology for about last twenty years (Halpern 2005, Realo and Allik 2009). Many believe that social capital is much sought answer to question of what it is in a community that brings people together for common purposes, a question much older than social sciences themselves. The concept first drew wider attention when Pierre Bourdieu and James Coleman adopted it independently from one another for theoretical explanations of their empirical findings. Bourdieu (1985) defined social capital as the sum total of resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual (or a group) by virtue of being enmeshed in a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition (p. 248). Coleman (1988) claimed that social capital facilitates certain actions of individuals within social structure. Since then, social capital has been treated in two ways in literature and research: both as an individual asset and as a feature of communities and nations. Originally, both Pierre Bourdieu and James Coleman focused on individuals (or small groups) as unit of analysis. The concept of social capital was later extended to level of larger groups by Robert Putnam (Portes 2000). In Putnam's interpretation, it became an attribute of communities and nations. In Bowling Alone, which quickly made social capital one of most frequently cited concepts in social sciences, Robert Putnam (2000) claims that basis of social capital is that social networks are valuable. After all, collective action strongly depends upon social networks and trustworthiness of fellow citizens. Cooperation and coordination for mutual benefit are facilitated by reciprocity and trust. Despite fact that exact meaning of social capital is still widely debated, it seems that most authors agree that social trust or trustworthiness constitutes core of social capital (Paxton 2002, Portes 1998). According to Paxton (1999), social capital involves at least two important components: objective associations between individuals (i.e. individuals are tied to each other in social life) and a subjective form of association (the ties between individuals must be trustworthy and reciprocal). For Putnam (2000), too, social capital refers to connections among individuals--social networks and norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them (p. 19). Social capital is considered important in many regards, as higher levels of social capital have been associated with many desirable outcomes, such as faster social and economic development, greater effectiveness of political systems, and better health (for a review, see Portes 1998). At same time, low levels of social capital may have much less desirable consequences. And, like all other forms of capital, social capital is, unfortunately, not evenly distributed. Putnam (2002) has argued that, given that it has accumulated most among those who need it least, social capital may, in fact, conceivably be even less equitably distributed than financial and human capital. The results of international research show this to be case (Cox 2002, Offe and Fuchs 2002, Skockpol 2002, Wuthnow 2002). Indeed, previous research has shown that social capital at individual level is dependent on many socioeconomic factors, such as age, gender, education, and income (for a review, see Kaasa and Parts 2007), indicating that many acquired as well as attributed properties of individuals may affect quality of social capital at their disposal. Most importantly, however, Putnam (2000) alerted us to fact that, in most Western countries, many national-level indicators of social capital have shown signs of decline over past few decades. …

Purpose This study aim to propose a conceptual model to explain and enhance knowledge sharing in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with a particular focus on the role of social capital, network structure and social networking technologies (SNTs) in facilitating tacit knowledge flows across supply chains. Design/methodology/approach The study integrates theoretical foundations from social capital theory, social network analysis (SNA) and the knowledge-based view (KBV) of the firm to build a multidimensional conceptual framework. The model is illustrated through a case-based application in a culturally embedded SME ecosystem in Alcoi (Spain), using qualitative methods, including document analysis, semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Findings The model identifies how structural and relational social capital, network configuration and SNTs jointly enable knowledge sharing processes, especially tacit knowledge. The case demonstrates that SMEs embedded in dense, trust-based networks can leverage simple digital tools and educational partnerships to enhance collaboration, innovation and supply chain agility. Research limitations/implications This is a conceptual and exploratory contribution. Future research should empirically validate the model across multiple SME settings and develop instruments to measure knowledge-sharing readiness and digital maturity. Practical implications The model provides actionable insights for SME managers and policymakers. It supports the design of strategies to reinforce trust-based knowledge flows, strengthen network ties and adopt digital tools aligned with informal collaboration practices. Social implications Knowledge sharing is shown to contribute to community resilience, intergenerational learning and the preservation of cultural identity in regional production ecosystems. The model also supports inclusive innovation policies for SMEs. Originality/value This paper offers a novel integration of KM and supply chain perspectives by combining social capital and SNA with digital enablers of tacit knowledge exchange. It contributes both a conceptual framework and a practical roadmap for enhancing knowledge flows in SME-dominated environments.

The fundamental cause theory posits social factors as causes of disease as they encompass access to important resources such as knowledge, wealth, and social networks. While these social factors have been consistently associated with oral and systemic diseases, causality remains unestablished. Here, we estimated the causal effect of social adversity, comprising low economic and social capital, on the development of (1) oral conditions (OC) and (2) multimorbidity including oral conditions (MIOC) in a cohort of middle-aged and older adults over a 7-y period and assessed whether effects varied by age or gender. We analyzed 2 waves from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) (2011 and 2018). Social adversity comprised low economic (income) and social capital (community participation, social relationships). OC was defined as having 1 or more of poor self-reported oral health, lack of functional dentition (<20 natural teeth), or edentulism. Participants with an OC at baseline were excluded. MIOC was defined as having 2 or more chronic diseases and an OC. Logistic marginal structural models with inverse probability weighting estimated the causal odds ratio (OR) of developing both outcomes, controlling for sociodemographic and behavioral factors. In a total of 23,366 participants, 14% experienced social adversity at baseline, with a prevalence of 17% OC and 7% MIOC at follow-up. Social adversity significantly increased the odds of developing OC (OR = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7, 2.2) and MIOC (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.5, 2.0) at follow-up. The observed effects were strongest in the middle-aged group, with similar odds observed in both men and women. Our findings indicate that social and economic capital are causally linked to the development of OC and MIOC over time. We suggest that policies for healthy aging should prioritize action on social and living conditions.