Gobernanza inclusiva en la economía circular comunitaria: un análisis bibliográfico sistemático

Climate change in recent years is shaping society’s habits and life in large cities, then it will be necessary to plan and design nature-based urban solutions to meet different interests and needs. To enable this approach between cities, urban green spaces and climate change, sustainable and resilient urban growth models are needed, planned with the contribution of citizens as priority stakeholders. Citizens perceive and attribute value to Green Infrastructures (GIs), albeit in relation to different socio-economic and environmental variables, the assessment of which has only recently been addressed in specific research. This research analysed citizens’ perceptions of GIs in combating the effects of the climate change. In particular, it revealed the degree of awareness of climate change, the value attributed to GIs and, finally, the willingness to pay to contribute to the maintenance of GIs in the city. The survey was carried out in the city of Catania (Italy), through the administration of questionnaires to a sample of residents (n = 500). The results show that the citizens involved perceive GIs as strategic elements of the quality of urban life, although they are not always aware of their positive impact on climate change. Interest in the co-management of GIs was higher in the case of crowdfunding. An integrated two-step methodological scheme was applied (divided in two phases, univariate and multivariate statistical analysis), which proved effective in analysing the different needs perceived by citizens. This approach could become a useful tool for planning GIs, especially in the current context in which cities are facing challenges related to climate change and changing societal needs. Understanding citizens’ views will be strategic in directing public investments towards GIs that can improve the quality of life in the urban ecosystem.

Green Economy and Infrastructure Contributions of USDA Urban and Nonfarm Soil Projects in the U.S.

Amazonia is one of the world’s most vulnerable regions to climate change but few studies pinpointing priority areas for local adaptation programmes exist. This paper aims to identify socio-climatic hotspots among the 515 municipalities that compose the Brazilian Amazon by using a three-step process. First, we identified the regional social hotspots, that is, municipalities that have currently low adaptive capacity, by calculating a composite infrastructure index based on the assessment of both current green and socioeconomic infrastructures. Second, we used a Regional Climate Change Index to identify the climate change hotspots, that is, those municipalities that have a high likelihood to experience future climate change risks. Third, we evaluated the geographic coincidence of social and climate change hotspots to identify the socio-climatic hotspots. We found that 117 municipalities are regional social hotspots and that 60 municipalities are regional climate change hotspots. Forty-six municipalities are considered as socio-climatic hotspots because they have very low to low composite infrastructure indices and very high climate risk indices. Local institutional capacity to integrate and execute national-level policies that enhance local adaptive capacity is a major constraint across the region. To face the challenges associated with climate change, municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon should embrace a more sustainable development model. Sustainable development, in the context of the Brazilian Amazon, implies conservation of the existing green infrastructure through the expansion of protected areas and indigenous lands, restoration of green infrastructure in areas of deficit, and substantial investments in urban socioeconomic infrastructures to foster a knowledge-based economy. Although local sustainable development and adaptation plans are essential across the entire region, the 46 municipalities identified in this study as regional socio-climatic hotspots could be prioritized for action.

Floods have devastated many urban socio-ecological systems, adding to urban planners' concerns. Floods caused by typhoons and heavy rain are common in South Korea during the summer, and especially Seoul has experienced urban flooding due to unusually localized heavy rains since 2010. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios (IPCC, 2014), flood damage in Korea is expected to increase due to summer-concentrated precipitation. As an example of what happened, record-breaking rainfall in the summer of 2022 caused severe damage in the Gangnam, a prime district in Seoul, Korea, that has been most vulnerable to flood damage due to drainage problems.Green infrastructure's socio-ecological system aspect has been recognized for its ability to improve the provision of urban ecosystem services and is increasingly being used for stormwater management. Flood resilience necessitates the ability of urban socio-ecological systems to maintain their structures and functions during and after flooding events. In terms of achieving sustainable outcomes for municipalities, green infrastructure has practical limitations, such as a limited capacity for storing and infiltrating stormwater. As an interdisciplinary approach, green infrastructure necessitates the involvement of multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests, and it is critical to identify the best measures to apply in each context for effective flood mitigation strategies. There is, however, a knowledge gap in investigating an urban water system as a social-ecological system that coevolves because of interactions between actors, institutions, and water systems.Gangnam district has quickly become the focal point for discourses on socio-economic inequality in Korea, consolidating both socio-economic segregation and political conservatism, making social-economic-ecological context critical for any urban planning to be sustainable. The aim of this research is to develop a system for selecting appropriate green infrastructure for resilient urban stormwater management in Seoul's Gangnam district using simulation-based modeling.The first step will be to identify suitable green infrastructure practices for Gangnam district’s socio-economic context based on a co-benefits analysis, which will include incorporating co-benefits and human well-being into flood management decision-making while taking stakeholders' perceptions into account using a multi-criteria decision support system. The second step involves using the "Green Values Stormwater Management" model (Jaffe et al., 2010) to assess the green infrastructure's ability to adhere to the "4R" principles of resilience: robustness, rapidity, redundancy, and resourcefulness based on simulation results.The volume of rain captured or retained by the area's green infrastructure, providing feedback on construction and maintenance costs, as well as an estimate of the percentage of the desired volume retention goal being met will be estimated by the simulation model. Additionally, co-benefits such as cost savings and increased real estate value will be calculated and presented. This research framework will assist city planners decide which green infrastructure practices to use for resilient urban flood management.ReferencesIPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.Jaffe, M., Zellner, M., Gonzalez-Meler, M., Cotner, L. A., Massey, D., Ahmed, H., & Elberts, M. (2010). USING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TO MANAGE URBAN STORMWATER QUALITY: A Review of Selected Practices and State Programs.

Globally, urban areas have been expanding rapidly since industrialization. In South Korea, urban policy has evolved according to urban development, but the change in parks and green spaces policy for a pleasant urban environment is insignificant. The purpose of this study is to present the direction of the Seoul Metropolitan Government’s parks and green spaces policy in terms of green infrastructure, by examining urban policies and changes in the parks and green spaces policy of the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The research method established the concepts of urbanization, green park areas, and green infrastructure, focusing on a literature review. The trends in urban development in South Korea and abroad, the correlation between urban development and green park areas, and changes in the parks and green spaces policy of Seoul are examined. The study found that urbanization in South Korea has augmented since 1960, and the parks and green spaces policy has also focused on quantitative expansion. As the era of local autonomy passed, there were remarkable policy changes tailored to citizens’ needs, and major policy directions were determined according to the political inclinations of policymakers. The era of low growth adopted the policy of introducing green park areas as green infrastructure to solve urban environmental problems, and parks and green spaces policies as strategic plans to re-naturalize smart green cities and urban infrastructure, and to increase urban resilience using advanced technology. Future research is expected regarding consistent policy implementation measures linked to the state-regions, such as analyzing citizens’ perceptions of policies to solve urban problems and taking practical measures for the implementation of parks and green spaces policies to expand green infrastructure. The implication of the study is that the green infrastructure strategy is important as a solution to urban environmental issues such as climate change. Therefore, there should be a will of policymakers and strong institutional support for continuous policy promotion.

Recent proposals in the US and elsewhere aim to tackle climate change and socioeconomic inequalities together through a Green New Deal (GND). GND proposals have been criticized by high-profile advocates of carbon-centric climate policies—advocates who do not perceive socioeconomic inequalities to be significant drivers of climate change and who argue that GNDs' wider agenda will undermine decarbonization efforts. Here, we show that socioeconomic inequalities drive emissions-intensive consumption and production, facilitate the obstruction of climate policies by wealthy elites, undermine public support for climate policy, and weaken the social foundations of collective action. This suggests that integrating certain carbon-centric policies into a wider program of social, economic, and democratic reforms would achieve decarbonization more effectively than carbon-centric policies alone. We show that common policy components of GNDs do indeed tackle the causal mechanisms by which inequalities fuel climate change, and we argue that GNDs enable more effective political strategies than carbon-centric policies.

The growing number of cities in the world face a wide range of hazards, which are affected by factors such as the increased urban population and climate change. Urban development and climate change are closely related and interlinked. Today, the direct and indirect effects of climate change can be seen in countries with the lowest effect on global warming and climate change. Cities that are exposed to the risk of climate change are very vulnerable. Climate change is a globally widespread phenomenon. These cities can be said susceptible. In recent years, to cope with the adverse challenges caused by climate change, the concepts of urban ecological resilience, specifically, climate resilience have been introduced. Climate resilience is a type of urban ecological resilience, which is defined as urban resilience to climate change. In this respect, in recent years, two urban resilience concepts have been introduced to reduce these negative effects. Resilience is the ability of a system to absorb the disturbances while maintaining the basic structure in the same way and the functional methods, the capacity for self-organization and the capacity to adapt to stress and change and the capability to build back the system into its condition before a shock or intense change. Adaption to climate change focuses on reducing the vulnerability to these negative changes. Resilience has different aspects, among which climate resilience as a subcategory of urban ecological resilience is considered in this study, which includes the adaptation to and mitigation of the risks and adverse effects of climate. However, urban green infrastructure has various vital functions, including environmental, social, etc. The urban green infrastructure (UGI), according to research, has been effective in reducing the impacts of climate change in cities and enhancing climate resilience. Reviewing existing literature on the urban green infrastructure related to its role in creating urban (climate) resilience, it seems that the features of green infrastructure and which one is effective based on the development, analysis, and evaluation of urban resilience to climate change. These have not been properly addressed so far, and in general, no exact factors have been provided to assess this kind of resilience. It seems that the characteristics of urban green infrastructure can be used as an important factor affecting climate resilience in cities to achieve such factors for assessing the quality of climate resilience. Moreover, the neighborhood scale has not been fully studied in the existing literature. Given the theoretical gap existing in this field, this question arises: How and based on which features of the green infrastructure can we assess and analyze climate resilience in a city?” To answer this question, landscape ecology principles and the relationship between them and green infrastructure in cities were studied. The relationship was developed in the Yousef Abad neighborhood of Tehran and was qualitatively tested using aerial images, field surveys, and preparation of basic and analytical GIS maps. Finally, ‘effective qualities in assessing climate resilience in cities using UGI based on landscape ecology were obtained.

Urbanization and agricultural land use are two of the main drivers of global changes with effects on ecosystem functions and human wellbeing. Green Infrastructure is a new approach in spatial planning contributing to sustainable urban development, and to address urban challenges, such as biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, green economy development, and social cohesion. Because the research focus has been mainly on open green space structures, such as parks, urban forest, green building, street green, but neglected spatial and functional potentials of utilizable agricultural land, this thesis aims at fill this gap. This cumulative thesis addresses how agricultural land in urban and peri-urban landscapes can contribute to the development of urban green infrastructure as a strategy to promote sustainable urban development. Therefore, a number of different research approaches have been applied. First, a quantitative, GIS-based modeling approach looked at spatial potentials, addressing the heterogeneity of peri-urban landscape that defines agricultural potentials and constraints. Second, a participatory approach was applied, involving stakeholder opinions to evaluate multiple urban functions and benefits. Finally, an evidence synthesis was conducted to assess the current state of research on evidence to support future policy making at different levels. The results contribute to the conceptual understanding of urban green infrastructures as a strategic spatial planning approach that incorporates inner-urban utilizable agricultural land and the agriculturally dominated landscape at the outer urban fringe. It highlights the proposition that the linkage of peri-urban farmland with the green infrastructure concept can contribute to a network of multifunctional green spaces to provide multiple benefits to the urban system and to successfully address urban challenges. Four strategies are introduced for spatial planning with the contribution of peri-urban farmland to a strategically planned multifunctional network, namely the connecting, the productive, the integrated, and the adapted way. Finally, this thesis sheds light on the opportunities that arise from the integration of the peri- urban farmland in the green infrastructure concept to support transformation towards a more sustainable urban development. In particular, the inherent core planning principle of multifunctionality endorses the idea of co-benefits that are considered crucial to trigger transformative processes. This work concludes that the linkage of peri-urban farmland with the green infrastructure concept is a promising action field for the development of new pathways for urban transformation towards sustainable urban development. Along with these outcomes, attention is drawn to limitations that remain to be addressed by future research, especially the identification of further mechanisms required to support policy integration at all levels.

Cities are currently facing numerous challenges and uncertainties - climate change, aging infrastructure, growing urbanization - with many turning towards green infrastructure (GI) as a possible solution. Perhaps the most common application of GI is for stormwater management, though some cities are also hoping to use GI to combat climate change and urban heat islands, recharge groundwater supplies, and restore habitat for native fish and wildlife. Though many municipalities are using GI, few have a comprehensive vision for GI or consider all the possible benefits when planning, siting, and designing new sites. As a result, efforts remain largely uncoordinated and disjointed, with many missed opportunities. This is partly because the exact benefits of GI remain largely unquantified. Without knowing what to expect, cities are hindered in their efforts to integrate GI into broader goals and coordinate across programs. To address this need, this dissertation adopts a mixed method approach to address some of the knowledge gaps surrounding GI's co-benefits. Specifically, statistical modeling, participatory engagement, and complex, multi-agent modeling are used to more clearly define and measure the ES available from various GI sites. For all efforts, New York City was used as a case study, although the methods used here are applicable to all cities. First, this research focused on quantifying the benefit of a single ES, mitigation of environmental disturbances, during Hurricane Sandy. This is a service often attributed to GI, but poorly understood in urban settings. Despite the numerous anecdotes that stated GI had protected people and property from the worst of Sandy, results of this research suggest GI is limited in its ability to provide protection during extreme coastal events. The second part of this research used stakeholder interviews and surveys to quantify the value of all ES from multiple GI types. Results suggest that NYC could get more value from its GI investments through minor changes to program, e.g. including more community gardens and refocusing messaging away from stormwater management, a services New Yorkers do not value. Lastly, this research used an agent model to simulate two different approaches to greening in NYC and measure physical, social, and economic consequences of GI looking specifically at how stormwater capture, public approval, and the economic value of these new investments will change over time. Simulations indicate that NYC is capable of meeting, and even exceeding, the stormwater management potential of its current program by taking a more multifunctional approach to GI and trying to address community needs first, and stormwater second. The results suggest that integrating GI with other initiatives, including improving resilience, should improve the co-benefits available for New Yorkers, including stormwater management services. The approaches taken in this research pilot methodologies for quantifying and calibrating the value of benefits of GI according to local preferences and demonstrates, through two separate modeling efforts, that GI is most useful when addressing multiple concerns as opposed to providing a single service (e.g. mitigation of environmental disturbances or stormwater management). Taken together, the results underscore the idea that GI can provide multiple services to cities, and that these benefits can be maximized through a more comprehensive approach to GI. As cities look to increase their resilience to the many challenges of the 21st century, GI can play a significant role in achieving those goals. However, to do so, cities will need to find a way to coordinate GI efforts across programs to get the most out of their investments. GI is most useful as a tool for building resilience when it is multifunctional and integrated into all aspects of urban planning.

This study explores the integration of green infrastructure (GI) into urban planning as a strategic approach to sustainable development. With the dual challenges of urbanization and climate change, the research aims to assess the multifaceted impact of GI on urban ecosystems, focusing on environmental, social, and economic benefits. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines a comprehensive literature review with case study analysis across diverse urban settings to identify best practices and challenges in GI implementation. Key findings highlight the significant role of GI in enhancing urban biodiversity, improving air and water quality, and mitigating urban heat island effects, thereby contributing to the resilience and sustainability of urban environments. Socially, GI is found to improve public health, foster community cohesion, and enhance the aesthetic value of urban areas. Economically, the presence of GI is associated with increased property values, energy savings, and job creation. Despite these benefits, challenges such as financial constraints, policy gaps, and maintenance issues are identified as barriers to effective GI implementation. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for urban planners, policymakers, and community leaders, emphasizing the need for holistic planning approaches, intersectoral collaboration, community engagement, and policy incentives to promote GI. Future research directions are suggested to address gaps in understanding the long-term impacts of GI, innovative technologies for GI management, and the social equity implications of green space distribution. This research underscores the critical importance of integrating GI into urban planning to achieve sustainable, resilient, and livable cities. Keywords: Green Infrastructure, Urban Planning, Sustainable Development, Ecosystem.

The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere due to human activities such as fossil fuel burning, deforestation and land-use changes, is causing increases in surface temperature. From the pre-industrial era to the current days, the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration has increased from 280 ppm to 398.17 ppm (NOAA, 2015) and according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014) globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data show a warming of 0.85°C per decade over the period 1880 to 2012. Under higher temperatures, the atmosphere has a higher capacity to hold water vapor (Horton et al, 2010), increasing the time interval between rain events and the magnitude of precipitation especially in extreme events. Thus, at higher temperatures the frequency at which precipitations occur tends to decrease while the intensity of such precipitations tends to increase. In the urban environment, where typically the majority of surfaces are impermeable, the impact of climate change tends to exacerbate the occurrence and the intensity of floods as well as droughts and heat waves. Within this context, there has been much discussion about strategies that could effectively help cities to reduce their CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere (mitigation strategies ) and to adapt to the impacts caused by climate change (adaptation strategies ). Regarding the impacts caused by urban floods, a decentralized approach, known as green infrastructure (GI) has been proposed as an alternative to the traditional concrete infrastructures (gray infrastructures [GR]). GI sustains, or attempts to replicate pre-development site hydrology in the post-development condition (Montalto, 2007), taking advantage of natural processes like infiltration, interception and evapotranspiration to manage stormwater (Davis et al, 2012). Beside capturing precipitation and reducing the amount of runoff that is convened to the sewer systems, GI can provide other benefits such as reduction of heat island effects, increased air and water quality, carbon sequestration, expansion of recreational spaces, increased habitat for flora and fauna among others (Wise et al, 2010). Because of their capacity to deliver multiple benefits, GI has been proposed as a sustainable alternative for cities to mitigate and adapt to climate change (Mason & Montalto, 2014; Union European, 2010). Several government grants have been launched recently to focus on the development, application and evaluation of methodologies for integrating GI into urban spaces as adaptation efforts to climate change (DOI, 2014; NOAA, 2014). Nevertheless, the body of literature that assesses GI as an effective strategy to help cities to build resilience to climate change remains small. For instance, the performance of designed urban green spaces under climate change is still poorly understood. In addition, the comparison between potential benefits of GI applied to urban watershed scale with the environmental costs associated with their installation and maintenance is still poorly supported by research (Pataki et al 2011). In order to better explore these research gaps, this thesis aims to evaluate GI as a means of reducing climate risks in the urban northeast environment. To reach out this main objective, we propose three different hypotheses: Hypothesis #1: Green infrastructure can reduce GHG emissions associated with urban drainage infrastructure · Compared to grey (stormwater management) infrastructure strategies, GI releases lesser GHG emissions over its entire useful life Hypothesis #2: GI can help cities adapt to extreme precipitation · GI facilities can significantly reduce urban runoff even during extreme precipitation Hypothesis #3: GI vegetation is not vulnerable to climate change, especially to floods and droughts · The risk of plant mortality within the expected envelope of climate variability (floods and droughts) is insignificant. The three hypotheses, as well as, a preliminary chapter that introduces the thesis topic, are presented separately in a scientific journal format. Chapter 1 reviews literature about the leading climate risks facing the Northeast Region (NE) of Unites States of America (USA), while provides an overview of the ongoing GI initiatives in the USA and their potential value for reducing vulnerability to the key climate risks faced by the urban northeast region. Chapter 2 addresses hypothesis #1 and includes a study conducted at the watershed scale level that used life cycle assessment techniques to compare the carbon footprint of a green and a grey strategy to reduce combined sewer overflow occurrence (CSO) in a highly urbanized watershed. Chapter 3 addresses hypothesis #2 via an investigation at the site scale that evaluated the performance of a bioretention installed in an urban watershed during extreme events including Hurricane Sandy and Hurricane Irene. Chapter 4 addresses hypothesis #3 and presents an experiment conducted in a greenhouse that evaluated the response of two species commonly used in vegetated GI sites to consecutive periods of floods and drought. This thesis finalizes with a general conclusion section for all the chapters.

Cities in the Global North are increasingly adopting green interventions meant to enhance their climate resilience capacity. Plans include Philadelphia, PA’s Growing Stronger, Boston, MA’s Resilient Boston Harbor (Fig. 1), Malmo, Sweden’s Green and Blue Infrastructure Plan, and Barcelona, Spain’s Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan. Such plans and interventions mark the emergence of a new type of climate planning: green climate resilience. Fig. 1. If not done right, green infrastructure, such as that shown here in East Boston, is potentially a source of climate injustice. In today’s cities, however, low-income communities, people of color, and migrant communities face well-documented forms of climate injustice. Typically, these populations have contributed the least to climate change, have had the least access to environmental amenities such as green space, are the most exposed to climate hazards and effects (1), and have the fewest resources to adapt (2⇓–4). We argue here that an emerging fifth type of climate injustice arises because these populations are among the social groups most likely to experience residential and social displacement—in the short and mid-term—from green climate infrastructure (5⇓–7) and its associated gentrification risks. It’s what we call green “climate gentrification.” As a group of social scientists who specialize in environmental justice, we thus call for climate researchers to demystify the supposed benefits of green climate interventions and identify inequities embedded in urban green resilience (8, 9), especially interventions related to green climate gentrification. Green infrastructure and urban greening projects—green roofs, resilient parks and greenways, rain gardens, or detention basins and canals—are often hailed as ways to protect cities against climate change impacts. These measures include improved storm water management and mitigation of hazards such as flooding (10), the urban heat island effect, and landslides. As such, green infrastructure projects often require lower operating and … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: Isabelle.Anguelovski{at}uab.cat. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Cities often don’t appreciate the benefits of green infrastructure (GI) enough. To recognise the extent to which green infrastructure and nature-based solutions (NbS) are present in the urban policy, we conducted a review of planning, strategic and programming documents of Poznań City as a Case Study. The study is aimed at 1) diagnosing of current position NbS in the tasks and directions of planning, strategic and programming documents; 2) characteristic of activities related to NbS according to the form of human-nature interaction; 3) determining the potential of including NbS in the local policy; 4) identifying the role of NbS in facing 4 main challenges in urban policy: resilience and climate change adaptation, health and well-being, social cohesion, economic development potential. The results show that a significant number of actions focus on GI changes towards its multifunctionality and better quality, while there are not many actions towards supporting citizens in using it. Also, despite urban pressure, new green spaces are still planned to be created. The role of NbS within GI in urban resilience is well recognised. Yet, the adaptation to climate change has gained a low priority so far. Linkages between GI and the wellbeing of inhabitants are well understood. However, the possibility to build and strengthen social cohesion based on GI is rather marginally noticed. The least recognised is the influence of NbS on the economic development potential. It is an area that still needs to be investigated to bring evidence in this field. We conclude that to support large-scale, nature-based solution implementation in cities, the crucial step is to bring them into the local urban agenda. An evaluation of urban policy documents based on the presented approach can serve as a guideline for identifying gaps and potentials for NbS inclusion. As a result, it can help the better organisation of urban policy and harmonisation of different sectors through NbS.

Residents’ understanding of the role of green infrastructure for climate change adaptation in Hangzhou, China

Cities worldwide face resilience challenges as climate risks interact with rapid urbanization, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, poverty, and Socioeconomic inequality. This leads to the social, physical, and economic collapse of cities and their systems. Over time, urban resilience challenges are expected to increase, driven by urbanization, land use, and climate change. It is for this reason that the concept of urban resilience is increasingly attracting the attention of governments, and urban planners. Gray infrastructure is not always suitable for profitability, resilience, or sustainability. Now more than ever, green infrastructure is recognized as a nature-based solution (NBS) that plays a significant role in addressing resilience challenges in urban areas. These solutions can be applied through spatial measurements and parameters in and around the city. Constructed wetlands (Cws) are artificial imitations of natural wetlands, one of the most biologically diverse natural ecosystems, and in addition to aesthetics, It provides an effective model for resilient environmental engineering solutions as a low-cost and easy-to-operate alternative to traditional urban management systems. Consequently, the main objective of this research was to define criteria for integrating constructed wetlands (Cws) into the urban landscape as nature-based solutions (NBS) and address the limitations and maximize advantages as well as contribute to replicate best practices of constructed wetlands (Cws) in different Zones (Desert, River’s floodplain, coastal) in Egyptian cities for enhancing the urban resilience.