Abstract
Instruments Six questionnaires were used to collect the necessary information about factors that might affect the glycemic control. The first questionnaire sought information about socio-demographic and relevant characteristics including age, gender, and onset and duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Information related to patient’s self-care behaviors and other variables that may influence an individual’s ability and willingness to provide diabetes self-care were collected using different questionnaires including: Diabetes Knowledge Test questionnaire [14], Attitude Toward Diabetes Scale (Positive Attitude Scale and Negative Attitude Scale) [15], Family and Friends’ Support Scale [15], Long-Term Care Benefits Scale [15], and Self-Care Adherence Scale of the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) [15]. In this study a symmetrical back-translation method was used to translate all study questionnaires. Higher scores on the Diabetes Knowledge Test questionnaire indicate higher levels of patient’s knowledge about diabetes and its care. A higher score on the Positive Attitude Scale indicate that the patient would have positive coping in dealing with type 2 diabetes mellitus on a daily basis. High scores on the Negative Attitude Scale indicate perception of more maladaptation of the patient toward the diabetes and its treatment. Higher scores on the Family and Friends’ Support Scale indicate the patients’ perception of more family and friends’ support about diabetes and its management. A higher score on the Long- Term Care Benefits Scale indicates that the patient’s health beliefs were directed toward a positive outlook on recommended health regimens of type 2 diabetes mellitus in preventing or delay. A higher score of Self – Care Adherence Scale indicates the patients were compliant with recommended health regimens most of the time (see the appendix for some of the questions on the questionnaires). Laboratory and anthropometric measurements
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both [1]
More than half (51.6%) of participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus had poor glycemic control. This finding is similar to that reported in Saudi Arabia where half of the studied populations had poor glycemic control [16,17]
In USA, data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988-1994 and 1999-2002) reported that 42% and 50% of people with diabetes respectively met the HbA1c target of 7% [19,20]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both [1]. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing all over the world [2]. The number of people with diabetes is increasing due to population growth, aging, urbanization, and increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity [2]. In the Arab region, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult populations was reported as 23.7% in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 20.1% in the United Arab Emirates, 20.1% in Bahrain and 14.9%, in Kuwait [3,4]. In Jordan, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing with an overall prevalence of 17.1% [5]. The role of improved glycemic control in reduction microvascular and neurological complications of diabetes was demonstrated in many observational and randomized controlled clinical trials [6,7,8,9]
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