Glutathione synthetase deficiency: is gamma-glutamylcysteine accumulation a way to cope with oxidative stress in cells with insufficient levels of glutathione?

Abstract

Glutathione (GSH) plays a major role in the cellular defence against oxidative stress and other vital cellular functions. It therefore seems inevitable that patients with severe depletion of GSH will not survive. However, at least some with glutathione synthetase (GS) deficiency do. This study was done to determine whether these patients have a mechanism to compensate for their GSH deficiency. Cell-free extracts of cultured fibroblasts from 9 patients with GS deficiency and 9 control subjects were analysed by HPLC for low-molecular-weight thiol compounds. The patients' cells contained 7.4 nmol of GSH per mg of protein (median; range 2.8-25.2) compared to 33.0 nmol in control fibroblasts (range 26.7-51.4) (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the patients' cells accumulated 18.1 nmol of gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-GC) per mg of protein (median; range 6.9-71.7), whereas the control cells contained 0.1 nmol (range 0.05-0.16) (p < 0.01). The cysteine concentrations in the patients' cells were 20.7 nmol/mg protein (median; range 9.4-52.9) compared to 8.9 nmol in control cells (range 3.0-12.4) (p < 0.01). Cultured fibroblasts from patients with GS deficiency have low levels of GSH, but instead accumulate gamma-GC. We suggest that gamma-GC, which contains both reactive groups of GSH (i.e. the sulphydryl and gamma-glutamyl groups), can compensate for GSH in the cellular defence against oxidative stress. Thus, gamma-GC may alleviate, but only partly prevent, serious consequences of insufficient GSH levels in affected patients. Since the sum of the levels of GSH and gamma-GC in GS-deficient cells (median 31.5 nmol/mg protein, range 16.2-79.0) was similar to the level of GSH alone in control cells (33.0 nmol/mg protein, range 26.7-51.4), we propose that the cultured fibroblasts may have a mechanism to regulate in a coordinated way the levels of GSH and gamma-GC; for instance, by both compounds acting as feedback inhibitors of gamma-GC synthetase.