Abstract
Peri-implantitis is the pathological condition of connective tissue inflammation and the progressive loss of supporting bone around dental implants. One of the primary causes of peri mucositis evolving into peri-implantitis is bacterial infection, including infection from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Enhancing the surface smoothness of implants helps to prevent P. gingivalis adhesion to the implant’s surface. Interaction analyses between bacteria and the surface roughness of zirconia (Zr) discs subjected to a glow discharge plasma (GDP) treatment compared with non-plasma-treated autoclaved control Zr discs were done. Examinations of the material prosperities revealed that the GDP-treated Zr group had a smoother surface for a better wettability. The GDP-treated Zr discs improved the proliferation of the osteoblast-like cells MG-63, and the osteoblastic differentiation was assessed through alkaline phosphatase detection and marker gene bone sialoprotein (Bsp) and osteocalcin (OC) induction. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a relatively low P. gingivalis adhesion on GDP-treated Zr disks, as well as lower colonization of P. gingivalis compared with the control. Our findings confirmed that the GDP treatment of Zr discs resulted in a significant reduction of P. gingivalis adhesion and growth, demonstrating a positive correlation between surface roughness and bacteria adhesion. Therefore, the GDP treatment of Zr dental implants can provide a method for reducing the risk of peri-implantitis.
Highlights
Despite improvements in dental care, millions of people worldwide suffer tooth loss, predominantly due to tooth decay, periodontal disease, or injury
We examined the interaction between P. gingivalis and the surface roughness of zirconia (Zr) discs subjected to a glow discharge plasma (GDP) treatment compared with non-plasma-treated autoclaved Zr discs
We found that the surface roughness of Zr after GDP treatment positively correlated with P. gingivalis proliferation, indicating that GDP-treated Zr discs were slightly less susceptible to bacterial adhesion than control Zr discs (Figure 7)
Summary
Despite improvements in dental care, millions of people worldwide suffer tooth loss, predominantly due to tooth decay, periodontal disease, or injury. Bacterial infection is the primary cause of complications involving oral inflammation [9,10,11,12,13]. This infection may be induced by opportunistic and common periodontopathogenic bacteria proliferation on the surface of the implant, developing the plaque-associated pathological condition known as peri-implantitis [14]. P. gingivalis is a well-known pathogen involved in periodontitis progression and the invasion of host cells to cause the destructive events involved in the peri-implantitis disease [22]. The progression of oral plaque and microbiota, called biofilms that accumulate on the implant surface, induces peri-implantitis, resulting in damage to oral tissues [23,24]. The accumulation of microbial infection leads to the failure of dental implants; studies are needed to investigate effective preventative therapies
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