Glossary of Terms

At its core, productive collaboration between speech-language pathologists and behavior analysts requires effective communication between both parties. Successful communication can be gained in par...

Written by an international team of leading scholars, this engaging textbook on the study of English historical linguistics is uniquely organized in terms of theoretical approaches and perspectives. Each chapter features textboxes, case studies, suggestions for further reading and exercises, enabling students to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and guiding them on undertaking further research. The case studies and exercises guide students in approaching and manipulating empirical data, providing them with hands-on experience of conducting linguistic research. An extensive variety of approaches, from traditional to contemporary, is treated, including generative approaches, historical sociolinguistic and pragmatic approaches, psycholinguistic perspectives, grammaticalization theory, and discourse-based approaches, as well as perspectives on standardization and language variation. Each chapter applies the concepts discussed to data from the history of English, and a glossary of key terms enables easy navigation and quick cross-referencing. An essential resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of the history of English linguistics.

In this book, the definitions of terms used conform generally to those given in the British Standards BS4778 ‘Glossary of terms used in quality assurance (including reliability and maintainability terms)’, BS5532 ‘Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols’, and BS3811 ‘Glossary of maintenance terms in terotechnology’.

Network meta-analyses synthesise networks of direct and indirect comparisons of interventions, and enable researchers to simultaneously assess the effects of more than two interventions for the same condition.1 Indirect evidence...

Scientific terminology is an essential tool of communication as it plays a critical role in the understanding of scientific and technical terms and their associated definitions (Sageder, 2010). With the ever-increasing body of knowledge and continuous advances in technology within the healthcare sector, the use of universally agreed, standardized and consistent terminology is essential for all stakeholders to develop a shared understanding, allow effective communication and avoid confusion as well as any misconceptions (Cabré, 1999; Slisko & Dykstra, 1997). Terminology can be a separate and distinct scientific discipline with its own theory and a focus on developing a theoretical framework or it can involve a more practical approach of compiling, describing, processing and presenting the terms of special subject fields with the aim of optimizing communication amongst the stakeholders concerned with the standardization of given terms (Sageder, 2010; Figure 1). The output of the latter approach culminates in the issuing of standardized dictionaries for specialized fields (Sageder, 2010). Developing a consensus-based glossary of terms and their definitions is a valid approach for establishing a universally agreed terminology. Indeed, it is acknowledged that searching, extracting and analysing relevant terminology are essential steps when proposing terms and definitions developed on the basis of a formal consensus by international standard bodies (Kockaert & Steurs, 2015). Terminology in medicine has been standardized through a consensus-based approach in a variety of fields, such as palliative care (Xiao et al., 2021), infertility and fertility care (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2017), running-related injury (Yamato et al., 2015), sonography for trauma in children and veterinary-specific definitions for quality-care terms (Rooke et al., 2022). In dentistry, the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA) and the Cariology Research Group of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) have published consensus-based terminologies for tooth wear (Schlueter et al., 2020) and dental caries management (Machiulskiene et al., 2020). A European glossary of terms used in oral health professional education has recently been published (Davies et al., 2022). In endodontology, a number of controversial terms and definitions exist. These may be related to a 'structure' (such as anatomy), a 'disease' (such as pulp and periapical diseases), a 'material' (such as bioceramic materials) or a 'procedure' (such as diagnostic and root canal treatment procedures). As examples, controversies exist for the definition of pulp chamber outline in single and multi-rooted teeth (Ahmed et al., 2021; Nanci, 2013; Nelson & Ash, 2010; Nusstein, 2012; Scheid & Weiss, 2012; The American Association of Endodontists (AAE), 2020), accessory canals (Ahmed et al., 2018; Barbosa et al., 2009; De-Deus, 1975; Paras et al., 1993; Rubach & Mitchell, 1965), root fusions (Ahmed et al., 2021; Hou & Tsai, 1994; Ross & Evanchik, 1981; Zhang et al., 2014), apical bifurcations of roots and canals (Ahmed, 2022; Ahmed et al., 2017, 2021; Turner, 1981) and canal isthmuses (Ahmed et al., 2021; Hsu & Kim, 1997; AAE, 2020; von Arx, 2005). Another example of inconsistency exists in classifications used for pulp and periapical diseases (Abbott & Yu, 2007; Azim et al., 2022; Glickman, 2009; Gutmann et al., 2009). A recent survey to determine the level of agreement among endodontic specialists in North America and practitioners around the world in diagnosing pulpal and periapical conditions using the AAE pulpal and periapical diagnostic terms concluded that there was a lack of agreement amongst clinicians regarding the diagnostic terminology (Azim et al., 2022). Furthermore, conflicting terms such as 'hydraulic', 'hygroscopic' dental cements, 'bioceramic', 'mineral trioxide aggregate' have been highlighted in several reports (Camilleri, 2020, 2022; Darvell 2021; Ha et al., 2017; Zhekov & Stefanova, 2021). The literature includes an array of controversial terms related to diagnostic procedures of the pulp such as sensibility, sensitivity and vitality (Jafarzadeh & Abbott, 2010; Shah & Chong, 2022). Unfortunately, such terms have been used interchangeably to define the status of the pulp. Similar concerns exist for terms such as 'revitalization' (European Society of Endodontology (ESE), 2016), 'revascularization' (Huang & Lin, 2008; Iwaya et al., 2001), 'regenerative endodontic procedures' (AAE, 2020; Garcia-Godoy & Murray, 2012) and 'guided endodontic repair' (Diogenes et al., 2016). Researchers, academics, and clinicians are faced with controversy and uncertainty surrounding a number of terms used in endodontology that often have several definitions or whose definitions are incorrect. Clarifying controversial terms used in endodontology is essential for the development of new research, effectively disseminating research findings as well as for enabling effective and collaborative clinical practice within the wider healthcare system. As a result, the current project was initiated in order to identify and define a range of controversial terminology used in endodontology. To develop a 'Glossary' of controversial terminology in endodontology using a multistage, international collaborative and consensus-based approach in order to create an accurate and universally acceptable list of terms and definitions. To create a universally accepted standard 'Glossary' of controversial terminology in the specialty of endodontology to provide clarity in education, research and clinical practice and allow more effective communication between dentists and relevant stakeholders such as patients and government agencies. All the authors made substantial contributions to the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article.

Food products and consumer protection: a conceptual approach and a glossary of terms

GLOSSARY OF MANAGED CARE TERMS

This chapter contains a glossary of key terms used in the book, in alphabetical order.

This article contains a concise history of the development of mechanical and electronic computers, descriptions of the milestones in software development, discussion of the introduction and adoption of computers in radiology, and a glossary of computer terms used frequently in radiology. One of the earliest devices designed to mechanize calculations was the calculating clock, built in 1623. The first programmable electronic computer, the ENIAC (electronic numerical integration and computer), was completed in 1945 at the University of Pennsylvania. Software has developed from early machine language through fourth-generation languages and graphic user interfaces used today. The computer was introduced to radiology initially in the 1960s in nuclear medicine and is now incorporated in many digital imaging modalities throughout radiology. The development of picture archiving and communication systems has resulted in the implementation of several totally digital departments of radiology.

List of Tables - Preface - Introduction - PART 1: PROBLEM, METHOD AND SCOPE OF STUDY - Explaining Underdevelopment: An Alternative Perspective - Economy, Society and the State in Pre-Independence Nigeria and Pre-Meiji Japan - PART 2: REGIME CHANGE AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION - Restoration and Social Transformation in Early Meiji Japan - Politics of Independence and Social Change Nigeria - PART 3: STATE AND CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT - State and Capitalist Development in Early Meiji Japan - State, Class and Underdevelopment in Nigeria - Conclusions - Glossary of Terms - Bibliography - Index

This publication provides an overview of forest resource attributes for South Dakota based on an annual inventory conducted by the Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. These estimates, along with web-posted core tables, will be updated annually. For more information regarding past inventory reports for South Dakota, inventory program information, and sampling/estimation procedures, please refer to the citations at the end of this report. For definitions of terms used in this report, see 'Glossary of Terms' at: http://nrs.fs.fed.us/fia/data-tools/state-reports/SD/.

This publication provides an overview of forest resource attributes for South Dakota based on an annual inventory conducted by the Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. These estimates, along with web-posted core tables, will be updated annually. For more information regarding past inventory reports for South Dakota, inventory program information, and sampling/estimation procedures, please refer to the citations on page 4 of this report. For definitions of terms used in this report, see 'Glossary of Terms' at: http://nrs.fs.fed.us/fia/data-tools/state-reports/SD/.

The main laws of thermodynamics are explained with respect to economics. Expressions like entropy, exergy, anergy, inner energy and free energy are defined qualitatively as well as quantitatively for the economy. The first and the second law are quantitatively deductes for their application on economic systems. The quantity entropy is treated very thoroughly and it is shown that the entropy (s) is directly proportional to the value added. The entropy, the free energy and the inner energy are the most regulating factors of economic processes. Closed Systems that have reached their maximum of entropy are 'dead'. It is shown with an quantitative example on the basis of balance sheets and profit and loss accounts what the outcome of a merger of two companies will be. The appendix shows details of an entropy tax which could be very much of interest, for instants, solving problems of the environment as our climate.Contents: Preface - Introduction - Economic Systems, Energy Types, State Functions - The Laws of Thermodynamics and Economics - Qualitative and Quantitativ Treatment of the First Law in Economy - Qualitative and various Quantitative Treatments of the Second Law in Economy - Exergy and Anergy in Economy - Free Energy of Economic Systems - The Main Laws applied for Merger - Quantitative Calculation of a sample Merger - Entropy Tax - Symbols and Constants - Glossary of Terms - Literature.

This publication provides an overview of forest resource attributes for South Dakota based on an annual inventory conducted by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. These estimates, along with Web-posted core tables, will be updated annually. For more information regarding past inventory reports for South Dakota, inventory program information, and sampling/estimation procedures, please refer to the citations on page 4 of this report. For definitions of terms used in this report, see 'Glossary of Terms' at: http://nrs.fs.fed.us/fia/data-tools/state-reports/SD/.

Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsThe Librarians' Glossary of Terms Used in Librarianship and the Book Crafts and Reference Books. Leonard Montague HarrodHoward W. WingerHoward W. Winger Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Library Quarterly Volume 42, Number 1Jan., 1972Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Conference of the Graduate Library School, August 2-4, 1971: Operations Research: Implications for Libraries Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/620017 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1972 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.