Global Warming Impacts on Southeast Australian Coastally Trapped Southerly Wind Changes

During the spring and summer months, the southeast coast of Australia often experiences abrupt southerly wind changes, the leading edge being known locally as a “southerly buster.” The main characteristic of this phenomenon is the sudden shift in wind direction, usually from north or northwesterly to southerly. Associated with this wind surge is a significant temperature drop and sea level pressure rise. A severe southerly buster has wind speeds exceeding gale force (17 m s−1) and poses a threat to human safety. Southerly busters have been the subject of a number of studies over several decades. These have focused on the development and propagation of the wind surge. The aims of this study are quite different, namely, to assess the ability of a real-time, high-resolution, numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to simulate some of the key features of the southerly buster, notably the time of passage and strength at various locations along the southeast coast and at two inland stations. A large number (20) of case studies of southerly wind changes along the east coast of New South Wales has been selected to verify 40 simulations from the numerical model. The focus of the case studies was on quantifying the skill of the model in simulating the timing and speed of propagation of the southerly buster. The measure of skill adopted here was one based on a direct comparison of model predictions with observations. It was found that the performance of the model was good overall but was highly case dependent, particularly according to season and time of day, with some poor and some excellent simulations. This ability of the NWP model to provide predictions within an acceptable error has positive implications as a useful tool in real-time forecasting.

Unveiling the dynamics of shallow fronts in Australia during Southerly Buster episodes (1994–2020)

Extreme strong winds (ESWs) can pose a threat to human safety, influence air quality, and affect wind power generation, thus necessitating an urgent exploration of the long-term variations in ESWs under global warming. However, compared with studies focused on the mean surface wind speed, studies focused on ESW variations in China remain limited. Here, our results revealed that from 1970 to 2017, ESWs across China exhibited a significant decreasing trend during both the warm and cold seasons, with values of −0.96% and −1.05% per decade, respectively. Furthermore, via the use of the weather regime (WR) classification method, the contributions of dynamic (atmospheric circulation) and thermodynamic factors (factors other than atmospheric circulation, such as radiation changes resulting from human activity) were quantified. Atmospheric circulation contributed negligibly to the long-term declining trend in ESWs. Instead, thermodynamic factors were the dominant drivers, accounting for 93.9% and 94.6% of the declines observed during the warm and cold seasons, respectively. These findings indicate that the anthropogenic effects on ESWs should be explored further. Significance Statement Most existing studies on the surface wind speed have mainly focused on mean value changes, but the changes in extreme strong winds (ESWs) in China and their underlying causes remain unclear. The change in the wind speed is influenced by both atmospheric circulation and thermodynamic factors. The aim of this study was to explore changes in ESWs across China and to quantify the contributions of the above two factors to the long-term trends in ESWs. The results indicated that ESWs across China significantly decreased during both the warm and cold seasons and that thermodynamic factors dominated the decreasing trend in ESWs, accounting for more than 90% of the annual trend. This finding indicates that the anthropogenic effect on ESWs requires further exploration.

The evaluation of the modern global warming impact on the zero degree isotherm crossing dates of near-surface temperature is unequivocally determined by the length of the warm (cold) season in a given region. The study was conducted using perennial, near-surface temperature field data from ten observation points in a complex, highland region. The correlation changes of the dates of the crossing of the zero degree isotherm of temperature concerning the vertical and horizontal displacement is studied. The statistical structure of the multi-year change in the dates is established. It is accepted that the increase in the warm season caused by global warming mainly occurs in the first half of the year when the zero-degree isotherm crosses from negative to positive. There are also rare cases when the warm season, for a long time, experiences a decrease in the opposite.

“Climate change poses a roadblock. The number of droughts increasing year after year. Climate change is not only affecting farmers, government officials, politicians, and lawmakers but also every citizen of the country. Many famous academicians are also opining that the recent onion and tomato crisis is an example of the challenge from climatic change”. Goa is a tiny emerald land situated well on the west coast of India. Apart from Mining, Tourism, and Fishing, Agriculture is one of the major occupations; it plays a crucial role in the economy of the State. The above-said occupations provided the main livelihood to rural, urban, and coastal populations. According to FAO (2018), the share of the agricultural population in the study area is less than 32% among the working population and accounts for just 16% of the GDP. The statistical data for the agricultural scenario in Goa is indicating that traditional agriculture is declining concerning the area as well as production. Though agriculture is the backbone of the State’s economy, which provides a source of livelihood to the majority of Goan people, it is now rapidly declining due to physical as well as cultural factors. Researchers clearly say that, global warming is also one such factor, which is responsible for the reduction in agricultural pursuits. The present study discusses the trends, growth, and impact of global warming and climate change on agriculture patterns in Goa. Farmers, academicians, scientists, and politicians of the State think that there is an impact of climate change and global warming on Goan agriculture. The study further revealed that there is a reduction in area under staple crops, and most significantly yield/productivity is also declining (Economic Survey, 2020-21). Given global warming and climate change, coastal plains are exhibiting various problems like floods and landslides. Government officials have already revealed that the land-use pattern has already taken place in the study area, and a lot of damage has taken place concerning forests and mangroves. These are the main concern for our study to know the agricultural activities in Goa are largely impacted by global warming and climatic changes. Hence, all the hypotheses quoted tested positive.

Firstly global warming issue caused by greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) which comes from human activities. Along with increasing of daily need, that humans of activities food produce is also increase, include of tofu. Tofu is a traditional Indonesian specialty made from soybeans and used as a side dish. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of global warming from tofu products on Mampang Prapatan's Small Tofu and Medium Enterprises. The method used in this study is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with the help of Simapro 8.4 software with a 1 kg tofu functional unit. The data collected in this study is the average data of tofu production for 3 months, namely January - March 2018. The LCA data in this study include the process of soybean cultivation, transportation processes for shipping soybeans, water, fuel wood, and electricity use. The limitations of this study are from cradle (soybean cultivation) to gate (tofu products).The results showed that UKM Mampang Prapatan has the potential impact of global warming with a value of 3.84 kg CO2-eq, while the value of global warming in the production process knows the scenario of wastewater treatment and the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as fuel for boiling pulp 4.49 kg CO2-eq soybeans. Based on the results of this study, greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions are issued; the intervention that can be done is to optimize the use of raw materials for production to reduce the impact of CO2-eq kg global warming.

ABSTRACTThis paper contributes to knowledge of the impact of global warming on viticulture, using major vineyard regions of New Zealand as a case study to illustrate regional disparities in climate change impacts resulting from downscale effects of larger scale atmospheric circulation. Recent trends in air temperature in New Zealand vineyard areas are investigated. Trends since 1941 in Marlborough show an increase in temperature range, with both rising maximum temperatures and declining minimum temperatures, but no change in the annual mean. More hot days and frosts are of concern to viticulturalists, and this trend not only differs from other major vineyard areas, but also occurs at other sites in eastern parts of the country. The relationship between changes in atmospheric circulation over New Zealand and observed trends in temperature and frost occurrence at Blenheim is investigated using the Kidson weather type classification for the period 1958–2010 and the Trenberth M1 index. The increased temperature range is expected to be associated with more frequent clear skies along the east coast of the country, resulting from changes in weather patterns (more frequent anticyclones, fewer low‐pressure systems, increased zonal and southerly flow). These changes in weather patterns are shown to be closely linked to larger scale changes in atmospheric circulation via the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and Southern Oscillation. The results show that significant regional variations in the impact of global warming can occur over areas of complex terrain such as New Zealand. Observed differences in local temperature and frost trends can be caused by the interaction of changing weather systems with mountainous terrain. These changing weather systems themselves are seen to be the result of major shifts in the larger scale atmospheric circulation. These results are important for assessing possible impacts on viticulture and in developing adaptation strategies for agriculture in response to predicted future climates.

Forecasting the impact of future global warming on biodiversity requires understanding how temperature limits the distribution of species. Here we rely on Liebig's Law of Minimum to estimate the effect of temperature on the maximum potential abundance that a species can attain at a certain location. We develop 95%‐quantile regressions to model the influence of effective temperature sum on the maximum potential abundance of 25 common understory plant species of Finland, along 868 nationwide plots sampled in 1985. Fifteen of these species showed a significant response to temperature sum that was consistent in temperature‐only models and in all‐predictors models, which also included cumulative precipitation, soil texture, soil fertility, tree species and stand maturity as predictors. For species with significant and consistent responses to temperature, we forecasted potential shifts in abundance for the period 2041–2070 under the IPCC A1B emission scenario using temperature‐only models. We predict major potential changes in abundance and average northward distribution shifts of 6–8 km yr−1. Our results emphasize inter‐specific differences in the impact of global warming on the understory layer of boreal forests. Species in all functional groups from dwarf shrubs, herbs and grasses to bryophytes and lichens showed significant responses to temperature, while temperature did not limit the abundance of 10 species. We discuss the interest of modelling the ‘maximum potential abundance’ to deal with the uncertainty in the predictions of realized abundances associated to the effect of environmental factors not accounted for and to dispersal limitations of species, among others. We believe this concept has a promising and unexplored potential to forecast the impact of specific drivers of global change under future scenarios.

The southerly buster has been successfully simulated using a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model and verified (particularly the sea level pressure field). This simulation was then used to study the behavior of the southerly buster in the region of the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia, with the reintensification of the surge. In simulating the dynamics of the southerly buster in the vicinity of the Hunter Valley, both the horizontal and vertical resolution of the NWP are important. This was found through a series of simulations of a case study of 27 February 1998. The best simulation was achieved with 20 vertical levels, a coarse nesting into the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Limited Area Prediction System model, then down to finer grids in progressively higher resolutions. The pressure ridge associated with the southerly buster is induced by the southerly flow up the southern parts of the Great Dividing Range resulting in anticyclonic vorticity that creates a region of high pressure ahead of the main high pressure cell behind the frontal system. This same mechanism is used to explain the reintensification of the surge at the northern part of the Great Dividing Range, which is characterized by a renewed peak in wind speed north of the Hunter Valley.

Global warming impact assessment of a crop residue gasification project—A dynamic LCA perspective

Global warming is a hot topic in various countries. The impacts of global warming are felt through the decrease in public health. Handling the issue requires Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and Pro-Environmental Behavior (PEB) in environmental education. Elementary school students need to contribute to preventing global warming. The research aims to describe the HOTS and PEB of elementary school students on the topic of the impacts of global warming on public health. The research used a descriptive method. Research instruments are used to measure HOTS and PEB and are disseminated using Google Forms. The research results indicate that the HOTS score of elementary school students is still in a very low category (21.32), whereas their PEB score is in a high category (80.65). Learning media can be developed in future research to improve students’ HOTS regarding the impacts of global warming on public health. This research conclude that HOTS and PEB of students in impact of global warming on public health must be improve. The limitation of this study is that the scope of this research is still very limited because it has not yet carried out media development for students at school

Global warming impacts on lactating mammalian milk: A systematic review.

The international trade in organic food has obviously increased potential in the past decade. The present study was conducted to assess and compare the first global warming impact of fluid milk production in Thailand associated to two systems, namely organic and conventional farms, by applying LCA for a case study approach. The assessment was based on a cradle-to-farm gate, with 1 kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) as a functional unit (FU). The environmental impact was evaluated according to International Dairy Federation or biological allocation. The results showed that the global warming values of organic farms (2.366–2.783 kg CO2 equivalent/kg FPCM) were 47% moderately higher than those of conventional farms (1.253–1.474 kg CO2 equivalent/kg FPCM). The main contributors to the global warming impact were feed consumption and CH4 emission, accounting for 33.41% and 33.19%, respectively. The highest global warming impact was found in the stages of lactating cow. Another interesting finding was lack of local organic feed with a relatively high impact on transportation stage. Based on biological allocation, the global warming impact was increased over 12.652–13.107% by the mass allocation method, whereas economic allocation exhibited no effect on the global warming impact. A sensitivity analysis result indicated that the organic farm was economically feasible as an alternative to conventional farm. The substitution of conventional farming with organic farming of 10–50% led to an annual global warming impact in Thailand of 8–30% higher than that of conventional farms.

Predicting the impact of the present-day global warming on the world’s shorelines is crucial for mapping future coastal hazards. Coastal environments are particularly sensitive to climate change, because the balance in the accumulation, distribution and erosion of nearshore sediments is controlled by various climate-forced parameters, including global eustatic sea level, regional source-to-sink routes, and local storms and floods. Simultaneously, coastal geomorphology and shoreline position are closely linked with local hydrology and vegetation distribution, such as peatlands, which are extremely sensitive to climate, humidity and precipitation. As a result, climate change may cause widespread coastal response in the form of shifting shoreline positions, changing landscapes and habitat modification of ecosystems. However, it remains uncertain how, and how much, coastal environments change with changing climate and temperatures in both time and space. Since the impact of global warming on the world’s shorelines remains to be seen, analyses of ancient sedimentary archives are vital for understanding climate-forced coastal changes.The Paleocene sedimentary succession in Arctic Svalbard is ideal for this purpose, because it: (i) forms a paralic sedimentary archive that was deposited in climates with characterized by atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global temperatures higher than, but comparable to, the present day; (ii) contains abundant fossil peat (coal) seams; (iii) represents various coastal landscapes, including beaches, lagoons, barriers, estuaries, deltas, wetlands and forests; (iv) records frequent shifts in relative sea level and corresponding nearshore hydrology and peat accumulation; and (v) was deposited near the pole, where signals of climate change are amplified.We present detailed facies-architectural reconstruction of the Paleocene strata in Svalbard, which delineates shoreline shifts controlled by sea-level changes, and we evaluate how coastal processes, environments and landscapes shift in response to temperature evolution, and aridity and humidity trends. Furthermore, we identify changes in shoreline geomorphology in response to shifts in paleotopography and vegetation build-up.

Most of atmospheric methane originates by bacterial processes in anaerobic environments withinthe soil which are found to become more productive with increases in ambient temperature. Awarming of climate, due to increasing levels of industrial gases resulting from fossil fuel burning,is thus likely to increase methane abundance within the atmosphere. This may lead to furtherheating of the atmosphere, since both methane and ozone (which is generated in the tropospherefrom reactions of methane) have greenhouse effects. We have explored this feedback mechanismusing a coupled climate-chemical model of the troposphere, by calculating the impact of thepredicted global warming due to iricreased emissions of carbon dioxide and other industrial gaseson the biospheric sources of methane. Although we find this climate feedback to be, by itself,relatively minor, it can produce measurable increases in atmospheric CH 4 , concentration, aquantity which should additionally increase as a consequence of increasing anthropogenicemissions of CO and CH 4 , itself. It would thus seem useful to carefully monitor futureatmospheric CH 4 , concentrations. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00001.x