Global laryngeal cancer statistics in 2022: a population-based study.

BackgroundPharyngeal cancer has resulted in 3.23 million disability-adjusted life years as of 2019. Based on anatomical site, pharyngeal cancers are categorized into oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs), nasopharyngeal cancers (NPCs), and hypopharyngeal cancers (HPCs). The spatiotemporal distribution of each pharyngeal cancer is related to their respective risk factors.MethodsUsing the latest updated GLOBOCAN 2022 and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database, global, regional, and national age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of pharyngeal cancer by anatomical site, as well as longitudinal trends since 1998 and future projections to 2050 were investigated across 185 countries and territories. We employed joinpoint regression to assess the average annual percentage change to quantify trends in the ASIR of pharyngeal cancer. We additionally present the mortality-to-incidence ratio as an indicator of disease fatality.ResultsIn 2022, an estimated 313,091 people were diagnosed with pharyngeal cancer (ASIR, 3.3 per 100,000 person-years) and 166,689 people died from pharyngeal cancer worldwide (ASMR, 1.7 per 100,000 person-years). Regardless of an individual’s age and anatomical site, pharyngeal cancer exhibits significantly higher incidence and mortality rates in old males, and the highest number of cases and deaths occur in individuals aged 45-59 years in both sexes. The highest ASIRs per 100,000 person-years were found in Western Europe (2.6) and Northern America (2.6) for OPC, South-Eastern Asia (4.7) for NPCs, South Central Asia (2.1) and Eastern Europe (1.5) for HPC. ASMR per 100,000 person-years were higher for OPC and HPC in Eastern Europe (OPC, 1.1; HPC, 1.0), South Central Asia (OPC, 0.9; HPC, 0.8), and for NPC in South-Eastern Asia (3.1), and Micronesia (2.1). In most countries, the incidence of OPC either increased or remained at a similar level, and NPC remained stable in most countries and HPC decreased or remained unchanged in both sexes. If the ASIR and ASMR of 2022 are maintained, in 2050, the projected number of cases will increase by 63.64% for OPC, 46.40% for NPC, and 64.23% for HPC.ConclusionPharyngeal cancer represents a significant burden on global public health, with its disease burden varying across different demographic variables. These variations were closely associated with risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use, high-risk human papillomavirus, and Epstein-Barr virus infections. To effectively manage the current and future global burden, tailored interventions aligned with unique epidemiological profiles of pharyngeal cancer in diverse populations are required.

This study was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence and mortality of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We compared the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and the ASMR to ASIR ratio (MIR) at national and regional levels and studied the correlation between the MIR and the human development index (HDI) in 2012 and 2018. The highest ASIR was in North America in 2012 and in Australia in 2018, and the lowest ASIR was in Central and South Asia in both 2012 and 2018. The highest ASMR was in North Africa in both 2012 and 2018, and the lowest ASMR was in Eastern Asia and South-Central Asia in 2012 and in South-Central Asia in 2018. The lowest MIR was in Australia in both 2012 and 2018, and the highest MIR was in Western Africa in both 2012 and 2018. HDI was strongly negatively correlated with MIR (r: -0.8810, P<0.0001, 2012; r: -0.8895, P<0.0001, 2018). Compared to the 2012 data, the MIR in the intermediate HDI countries significantly deceased and the HDI in low and high HDI countries significantly increased in 2018. The MIR is negatively correlated with HDI. Increasing the HDI in low and intermediate HDI countries may reduce the MIR and increase the survival of patients with NHL.

Objective: To demonstrate the disease burden and epidemiological characteristics of colorectal cancer in different regions by analyzing the incidence and mortality data in China and worldwide in 2020. Methods: Estimation of the incidence and mortality data of colorectal cancer were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database. The incidence, death, age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of colorectal cancer in China and 20 regions in the world were compared. The correlation between the Human Development Index (HDI) and ASIR/ASMR was analyzed. Results: In 2020, the number of new cases of colorectal cancer in the world reached 1 931 600, and the number of deaths reached 935 200. The incidence and mortality in all regions of the world continued to rise in the age group above 50 years old. The morbidity and mortality in male were higher than those in female. East Asia ranked the highest number of incidence cases and deaths in the world, which were 740 000 and 360 100 respectively. There were significant differences in incidence and mortality among regions in the world. The highest ASIR and ASMR were observed in Northern Europe (33.61/100 000) and Eastern Europe (14.53/100 000), whereas the lowest ASIR and ASMR were both observed in South-Central Asia (5.46/100 000 and 3.16/100 000). HDI had significant exponential relationship with ASIR (r(2)=0.59, P<0.001) and ASMR (r(2)=0.38, P<0.001). There were 555 500 new cases and 286 200 death cases of colorectal cancer in China, accounting for about 30% of the world and more than 75% of East Asia. The ASIR of China was 24.07/100 000, ranking at the medium level, while the ASMR was 12.07/100 000, ranking at the high level of world. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer are highly correlated with HDI. China is one of the countries with the heaviest disease burden of colorectal cancer in the world.

Background: Lung Cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancers in the international arena. The aim of this study was to investigate the geographical distribution of LC incidence and mortality in the world in 2012, as well as the trend of incidence and mortality of LC during 1975 to 2010 based on the gender. Methods: In the present study, we extracted the information on the incidence and mortality of LC in 184 countries from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Project GLOBOCAN, 2012). The present study categorized and presented the information on the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of LC based on the continents, world regions based on the development level and Human Development Index (HDI). ASIR and ASMR of LC expressed per 100,000 people. Results: The highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in North America (ASIR=38.3 and ASMR=28.6), more developed regions (ASIR=30.8 and ASMR=24.2), and the WPRO region of the WHO (ASIR=32.8 and ASMR=28.5), and those regions with very high HDI (ASIR=31 and ASMR=23.9). Furthermore, the lowest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in Africa (ASIR=5 and ASMR=4.5), the less developed regions (ASIR=20 and ASMR=18), the AFRO region (ASIR=3.9 and ASMR=3.5), and regions with low HDI (ASIR=5.4 and ASMR=4.8). Conclusion: The highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in North America, more developed regions, and the WPRO region of the WHO, and those regions with very high HDI. Most regions of the world had decreasing incidence and mortality of LC in men and increasing trend in women.

The burden of breast cancer for older adults has been rising with the increasing population aging. This study aims to describe the burden of breast cancer in older adults worldwide, analyze the temporal trends for older breast cancer incidence, and assess the socioeconomic inequalities of breast cancer incidence and mortality with human development index (HDI) levels, which will provide valuable information in preventing and controlling the increasing breast cancer burden in older women. The incidence and mortality rates of specific cancer types in older individuals in 2022 were sourced from the Global Cancer Today database. Trends in breast cancer incidence acquired from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) database. HDI and other risk factors were obtained from the United Nations. We used a generalized linear model to estimate the rate ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) between HDI levels and breast cancer burden in older people. It was estimated approximately 1,058,466 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and 383,774 breast cancer deaths in women ≥60 years, accounting for 18.9% and 12.7% of global cancer cases and deaths. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were 172.9 and 57.7 per 100,000, ranking first and second among all cancer incidence and mortality in older women. The highest ASIR and ASMR were four-fold higher than the lowest, with ASIR ranging from a peak of 399.1 per 100,000 in Australia-New Zealand to a low of 90.6 per 100,000 in South Central Asia, and ASMR varying from a high of 118.6 per 100,000 in Melanesia to a low of 28.8 per 100,000 in East Asia. The largest increases in ASIR from 1998-2002 to 2013-2017 were observed in South Korea, China, and Estonia. The corresponding estimated 5-year average percentage changes (EAPC) were 6.01%, 2.89%, and 1.93%, respectively. The global burden of breast cancer in older women is increasing fast and varies greatly across countries. Effective prevention strategies are essential to address the increasing breast cancer burden for older women.

Trends in gastric cancer incidence and mortality in Asia and association analysis with human development index, 1990-2019

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. This study aimed to assess the global distribution of TC incidence and mortality in 2022, as well as to predict the burden for the year 2050. Data from the GLOBOCAN 2022database were used to analyze the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of TC by sex, age group (<55 years and ≥55 years), country, world region, and level of Human Development Index (HDI) for 185 countries. The predicted incidence and mortality burden for 2050 was calculated based on demographic projections. In 2022, an estimated 821,214 new TC cases and 47,507 TC-related deaths occurred worldwide. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were higher in women (ASIR: 13.60 per 100,000; ASMR: 0.53 per 100,000) than in men (ASIR: 4.60 per 100,000; ASMR: 0.35 per 100,000). The ASIR in high HDI countries was approximately ten times higher than that in low HDI countries for both sexes, with relatively similar ASMR across regions. Among 185 countries, China had the largest number of TC cases (accounting for 56.77% of total cases) and TC-related deaths (accounting for 24.35% of global TC-related deaths), with the highest ASIR in men (13.30 per 100,000). Worldwide, approximately 64.63% of TC cases occurred in populations under 55 years old, while nearly 82.99% of TC-related deaths occurred in populations aged 55 years and above. If the rates stay the same as in 2022, it is projected that approximately 1,100,000 new TC cases and 91,000 TC-related deaths will occur in 2050, indicating a 34.15% and 89.58% increase, respectively. TC is a highly frequent cancer worldwide with disparities across regions, genders, and age groups. Our results provide light on the worldwide TC disease burden and facilitate regionally customized prevention measures.

BackgroundThis study aimed to describe the trends in incidence, mortality, and burden of tracheal, bronchial and lung (TBL) cancer in Asia from 2010 through 2019 and compare with global and other continental data.MethodsWe collected TBL cancer data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study from 2010 to 2019 in 49 countries and territories in Asia. For all locations, annual case data and age‐standardized rates (ASRs) were used to investigate the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) of TBL from 2010 to 2019. The relative difference (%) between years was used to show comparative variations of ASRs for the indicators studied.ResultsIn 2019, more than 55% of TBL cancer cases and deaths occurred in Asian countries. A total of 57% of lung cancer patients lived in Asia and almost 60% of the global burden of lung cancer was imposed on Asian countries. From 2010 to 2019, incidences, deaths, prevalence cases, and DALYs number of TBL cancer increased over 1.34‐, 1.31‐, 1.31‐, and 1.26‐fold, in Asia. During this period, the age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR), the age‐standardized death rate (ASDR), the age‐standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and the age‐standardized DALYs rate (DALYs ASR) of TBL cancer decreased by 1, 3, 4, and 4%, respectively. While at the same time, the decreasing trend of these rates globally and in America and in Europe happened faster. In 2019, age‐specific incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY cases of TBL cancer were peaking at 65–74, 70–74, 65–69, and 65–69 years, respectively. In 2019, the highest ASIR, ASDR, and DALYs ASR of TBL cancer was observed in East Asia countries and the highest ASPR in high‐income Asia Pacific countries. Central Asia and high‐income Asia Pacific countries experienced a decreasing trend in ASIR and ASDR, and the South Asia countries experienced the highest increasing trend from 2010 to 2019. ASPR only decreased in Central Asia, and DALYs ASR only increased in South Asia. In 2019, among high sociodemographic index (SDI) Asian countries, Brunei Darussalam had the highest ASIR, ASDR, and DALYs ASR and the Republic of Korea had the highest ASPR. Among high‐middle SDIs, Turkey and Georgia; among middle SDIs, China and Armenia; among low‐middle SDIs, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea had the highest ASIR, ASDR, ASPR, and DALY ASR of TBL cancer. Among low SDI Asian countries, Pakistan had the highest ASIR, ASDR, ASPR, and DALY ASR of TBL cancer.ConclusionMost of the global burden of lung cancer occurs in Asian countries, and the decreasing trend of incidence, death, prevalence, and burden of this cancer in these countries is slower than in other regions. Therefore, the implementation of necessary measures in order to reduce the process of this cancer is considered urgent.

Objective: To analyze the current status and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality in China and selected global regions, providing evidence for lung cancer prevention strategies in China. Methods: We extracted data from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database. Age-standardized Incidence rate (ASIR) and Age-standardized Mortality rate (ASMR) were calculated using Segi's world standard population. Epidemiological patterns were analyzed by region, age, sex, and human development index (HDI). Simple linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to examine associations between HDI and ASIR/ASMR. Results: In 2022, global lung cancer incidence and mortality reached 2.48 million and 1.82 million cases respectively, with age-standardized rates of 23.6 per 100 000 (ASIR) and 16.8 per 100 000 (ASMR). Gender disparities were prominent, with male ASIR and ASMR being 2.0-fold and 2.5-fold higher than females. Elderly populations showed 11.6-fold higher ASIR and 14.4-fold higher ASMR compared to working-age adults. HDI demonstrated strong positive correlations with both ASIR (r=0.79, P＜0.001) and ASMR (r=0.74, P＜0.001). China accounted for 1.06 million new cases and 0.73 million deaths, with ASIR (40.8 per 100 000) and ASMR (26.7 per 100 000) exceeding global averages by 1.7-fold and 1.6-fold respectively. Chinese males showed 1.7-fold higher ASIR and 2.7-fold higher ASMR than females. Trend analysis revealed persistently high male incidence in China whereas rapidly increasing female rates, narrowing gender disparities. Projections estimate 1.80 million incident cases and 1.41 million deaths by 2050, representing 69.3% and 92.0% increases from 2022 levels. Conclusions: Significant heterogeneity exists in lung cancer burden across demographics and development levels, with strong HDI correlations. China bears disproportionate disease burden, necessitating intensified prevention efforts. These findings underscore the urgency of targeted interventions in high-risk populations.

In the context of the population growing and aging worldwide, the incidence of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease increased rapidly. This study aimed to describe the burden of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease, providing an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis on the global and regional levels and time trends from 1900 to 2019. The Global Burden of Disease 2019 was used to obtain data for this analysis. Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease in the Global Burden of Disease study includes both non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease and non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease. The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed by location, year, sex, age, and socio-demographic index. Estimated annual percentage change was calculated to represent the temporal trends from 1990 to 2019. Spearman's rank order correlation was used to determine the correlation between socio-demographic index and the incidence and burden of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease. Globally, there were 1.65 million (95% uncertainty interval, 1.56-1.76 million) incident cases, 0.16 million (95% uncertainty interval, 0.14-0.18 million) death cases, and 2.79 million (95% uncertainty interval, 2.52-3.31 million) disability-adjusted life years of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease. Compared with 1990, the number of incident cases, death cases, and disability-adjusted life years in 2019 increased by 104.58%, 210.60%, and 167.62%, respectively, the age-standardized incidence rate (estimated annual percentage change, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.49) increased due to population growth, and the age-standardized death rates (estimated annual percentage change, -0.32; 95% confidence interval, -0.39 to -0.25) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate (estimated annual percentage change, -0.81; 95% confidence interval, -0.87 to -0.74) decreased during this period. Regarding the socio-demographic index, the highest age-standardized incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life year rates of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease were found in high-socio-demographic index countries in 2019. Meantime, the age-standardized incidence rate remained increased from 1990 to 2019, while significant decreases were found in the age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate. Females have higher age-standardized incidence rate, while higher age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate belong to males globally during the period of 1990-2019. Increasing trends were observed for both incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life year rates with age. High systolic blood pressure was the leading cause for non-rheumatic valvular heart disease across all ages. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease remained increased, while age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate decreased, resulting from the growing population worldwide and improving medical resources. The aged, who has high systolic blood pressure and diet high in sodium, should pay more attention to, especially in high-socio-demographic index regions. With the population aging, the number of patients who require heart valve replacement is estimated to increase significantly in the future. Effective measures are warranted to control and treat the incidence and burden of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease.

BackgroundMaternal sepsis and other maternal infections (MSMIs) pose significant global health challenges, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. Understanding the global burden of MSMIs is essential for resource allocation and the development of targeted prevention and treatment strategies.ObjectivesTo analyse the global burden of MSMIs from 1990 to 2021, and identify disparities across age groups, regions, countries, and socio-demographic indexes (SDIs).MethodsData were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, stratified by age, SDI level, region, and country. The age-standardized incidence and death rates in 2021, along with their estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) from 1990 to 2021, were used to measure the current burden and temporal trends.ResultsIn 2021, the numbers of MSMIs incidence and deaths were estimated at 19.05 million (95% [uncertainty interval] UI: 14.61 to 24.09 million) and 17.67 thousand (95% UI: 14.63 to 21.19 thousand), respectively, with age-standardized incidence and death rates of 243.51 (95% UI: 186.01 to 307.48) and 0.22 (95% UI: 0.18 to 0.27) per 100,000 populations. Age-standardized incidence and death rates peaked in the 20–24 age group. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence and death rates of MSMIs decreased, with EAPCs of -1.20 (95% [confidence interval] CI: -1.26 to -1.13) and -2.49 (95% CI: -2.95 to -2.03) respectively. The largest increase in the age-standardized incidence rate in 21 GBD regions was found in Australasia (EAPC: 0.70; 95%CI:0.52 to 0.89), and the largest increase in the age-standardized death rate was found in Oceania (EAPC:0.70; 95%CI: 0.51 to 0.88). The largest increase in the age-standardized incidence rate in 204 countries was found in Australia (EAPC:1.80; 95%CI:1.40 to 2.20), and the largest increase in the age-standardized death rate was found in Kazakhstan (EAPC:3.42; 95%CI: 2.56 to 4.29). Both the age-standardized incidence (R = -0.76, P < 0.001) and death rates (R = -0.65, P < 0.001) show a negative correlation with SDI levels.ConclusionsThis study reveals a decreasing trend in the global burden of MSMIs, yet disparities persist, particularly in 20–24 age group, lower SDI regions,and regions and countries with increasing burdens. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address the remaining challenges in MSMIs, especially in more vulnerable populations.

BackgroundMyocarditis is a global epidemic that causes various medical conditions associated with an increased incidence and death numbers. This study aimed to investigate the trends in myocarditis-associated incidence, mortality, and...

Global Disease Burden From Acute Glomerulonephritis 1990–2019

SummaryBackgroundLiver cancer (LC) is ranked seventh common cancer in terms of the incidence; and the fourth in terms of the mortality of cancer in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the international distribution of the incidence and mortality of LC in 2018 based on various socio-economic and political divisions in the world.Material and methodsThis study was conducted through the use of the incidence and mortality cancer data from GLOBOCAN Project in 2018. The Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of LC were expressed per 100,000 people. In the current report, we used Pearson correlation method to assess the correlation between ASIR and ASMR. Statistical significance was considered to be P < 0.05.ResultsThe highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in Asia (ASIR = 11.4 and ASMR = 10.5), and Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization (ASIR = 17.4 and ASMR = 15.8), and those regions with income level equal to upper middle income (ASIR = 13.4 and ASMR = 6.6). Furthermore, the lowest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in in Latin America and Caribbean (ASIR = 5) and Europe (ASMR = 4.4), the South-East Asia region (ASIR = 4.5 and ASMR = 4.3), and regions with Low middle income (ASIR = 5.7) and regions with high income (ASMR = 2.7).ConclusionsLC is one of the most important cancer forms in the world in terms of incidence and mortality. It is important to prevent exposure to known risk factors for LC by increasing the level of knowledge and attitudes of the community and prevent of morbidity and mortality of the population with early diagnosis and treatment of patients.

Objective. The aim of the study is to provide the burden of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in 21 regions, 204 countries, and territories from 1990 to 2019 by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI) and to predict the global burden of cSCC to 2035. Methods. We use estimates from 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to conduct the analysis and prediction. The burden of cSCC was estimated for 21 regions, 204 countries, and territories from 1990 to 2019, through a systematic analysis of incidence, death, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) modelled data using the methods reported in the GBD 2019 study. We predicted the age-standardized incidence rates to 2035 at the global, regional, and national level. Results. There were 2,402,221 global incidence cases and 356,054 deaths in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate was 30.3 and the age-standardized death rate was 0.7. cSCC, which caused 1.2 million DALYs with an ASR of 14.6 in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate increased by 36.1%, death rate increased by 6.1%, and DALY rate increased by 1.5% globally. At the regional level, the highest age-standardized incidence rate was found in high-income North America, the highest death and DALY rates were shown in Australasia. At the national level, Canada had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates in 2019, and the highest death rate was shown in Tonga. A total of 11 GBD regions and 114 countries were predicted to increase in age-standardized incidence rates between 2019 and 2035, respectively. Conclusions. The cSCC is a major global public health challenge and the burden was often underestimated. The burden is increasing in most countries, especially in countries such as Canada, China, and regions such as Caribbean.