Global exploration trends and prospects for lithium, cobalt, and nickel battery metals in 2024

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in many industries in recent years. In particular, the electrical vehicles (EVs) and energy storage system (ESS) markets are growing rapidly, and the requirements for LIBs are also growing. Under these circumstances, the active materials for LIBs that have been used are insufficient in various aspects. The most important characteristics of newly requested LIBs are economics and capacity. Until now, the industry sector where LIBs were mainly used was mainly devices with relatively small size and output, such as portable electronic devices. Therefore, if a certain level of capacity was secured in LIBs, there was no demand for an extremely large-capacity battery. However, due to changes in the industry, devices that require high power and long-term use, such as EVs and ESS, have emerged as new demands, and the requirements of LIBs have gradually changed to emphasize the capacity side. The cathode active materials used in commercially available LIBs are mostly metal oxides containing rare metals such as nickel and cobalt. These metal oxide-based cathode active materials have a relatively low theoretical capacity, unstable supply, and low production. So the price fluctuation is very high and the price is also very expensive. Anode has also been sideways for decades without significant changes in capacity since LIBs were commercialized, and new attempts at the active material level are needed. Research to introduce a new active material to secure these shortcomings has become more active in recent years.Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), which use sulfur as the cathode material and lithium metal as the anode active material, are receiving great attention as next-generation LIBs in this respect. In the case of sulfur used as a cathode active material, charging and discharging proceeds through a conversion reaction between sulfur and lithium, and thus has a very high theoretical capacity. This shows the potential to be a positive electrode active material with a significantly higher capacity than materials having a layered structure of a metal oxide series used in the conventional LIBs. Also, as a by-product of the petrochemical industry, a very large amount of supply is made, but the demand is not so abundant, so it has a very low price. Lithium metal, which is used as an anode active material, also has a very large capacity, making it one of the most actively studied materials in the LIBs field. Lithium metal has a theoretical capacity of over 3800mAh g-1, so its potential is endless. However, despite these great advantages, LSBs have not been commercialized because there are big disadvantages to be solved. When considering the problems caused by the cathode and those caused by the anode, the problem with cathode active material is the lack of life characteristics. In particular, the biggest problem is that the capacity of the system continuously decreases due to the dissolution of lithium polysulfide. Lithium polysulfide, an intermediate produced during the charging and discharging process, dissolves very well in the organic liquid electrolyte, so it moves freely between the cathode and the anode. At this time, since it is continuously reduced in the anode region to form an inactive layer, as the cycle progresses, the amount of active material decreases, so that life characteristics are not secured. Another major problem is that caused by lithium metal used as an anode. Lithium metal shows low coulombic efficiency by repeatedly generating an SEI layer on the surface as charging and discharging progress. Furthermore, it reacts with the liquid electrolyte and continuously consumes electrolyte and active material, showing very poor life characteristics.In this study, we proposed a new type of organic-inorganic composite separator that can solve the above two problems at once. The proposed separator (PAAO) was fabricated by filling poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) on the surface and inside of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). Since AAO has vertical pores with regular spacing, it provides stability at the interface of lithium metal to improve the life characteristics of the anode. Also, PVdF-HFP provided a passage for lithium ions inside the pores of AAO and effectively prevented the movement of lithium polysulfide. AAO showed an improved lifespan of over 50% compared to a separator made of a commercially available polyolefin-based polymer. As a result, PAAO showed an improved lifespan of more than 50% and high coulomb efficiency in all cycles compared to the separator made of commercially available polyolefin-based polymers. We believe that PAAO has shown potential as a new separator that can be applied to next-generation LSBs. Figure 1

Further enhancements regarding the energy density and specific power of lithium ion batteries are absolutely necessary in order to satisfy the increasing requirements for automotive applications e.g. extended driving ranges. One way to realize such improvements, depicts the replacement of commonly used carbon-based anode materials with high capacity anodes.1 In this regard silicon (Si) containing composites are considered promising candidates for the replacement of carbonaceous anode materials due to the significantly higher specific capacity of Si. However, the use of Si is still hindered by several challenges that have to be overcome for a successful application. One major issue of Si-based anode materials is the strong capacity decay due to the huge volume changes (~ 300%) of Si during the lithiation/de-lithiation process, leading to an recurring solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) reformation, which results in the ongoing consumption of active lithium from the cathode.2 One concept to alleviate the detrimental effects previously mentioned and to boost the performance of such anode materials, comprises the combination of Si with a matrix material. The general idea behind this approach is to combine Si with a second phase that enhances the mechanical stability and can buffer the volumetric changes of Si and thus, enables the formation of a stable SEI.3,4 In this study, we present a silicon iron (Fe) composite that contains two phases, a crystalline Si phase and a second, intermetallic FexSiy-phase. The applied synthesis route yields materials that combine a porous structure with the aforementioned matrix approach. This composite design is believed to have a beneficial effect on the capacity retention during cycling since it may buffers the volumetric changes of the Si and simultaneously provides extra space for the volume changes. The applied synthesis route contains a ball-milling and washing step, and subsequently the addition of a thin carbon coating. The composites, synthesized this way, are investigated via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis in order to characterize their structure, morphology and composition. Moreover, electrochemical studies on the long-term cycling and rate performance with regard to the application as anodes in lithium ion batteries are conducted. Thereby, this work focuses on the influence of a high temperature treatment, as well as the influence of the Fe to Si ratio on the electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the role of the stabilizing FexSiy matrix phase in the composite is investigated regarding the question whether this phase is inactive towards lithiation or if it contributes to the lithiation/de-lithiation capacity of the composite. References 1 Placke, T.; Kloepsch, R.; Dühnen, S.; Winter, M. Lithium ion, lithium metal, and alternative rechargeable battery technologies: The odyssey for high energy density. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2017, 21, 1939-1964. 2 Wu, H.; Cui, Y. Designing nanostructured Si anodes for high energy lithium ion batteries. Nano Today 2012, 7, 414–429. 3 Besenhard, J. O.; Yang, J.; Winter, M. Will advanced lithium-alloy anodes have a chance in lithium-ion batteries? Journal of Power Sources 1997, 68, 87–90. 4 Park, C.-M.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, H.; Sohn, H.-J. Li-alloy based anode materials for Li secondary batteries. Chemical Society reviews 2010, 39, 3115–3141.

A New General Paradigm for Understanding and Preventing Li Metal Penetration through Solid Electrolytes

Initially limited to portable consumer electronics, the field of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is rapidly expanding toward performance-demanding applications such as electric vehicles and load levelling of electric grids. The success of LIBs is owed to high energy density, lightweight, rapid charge/discharge, and long lifetime. However, safety issues deriving from the use of flammable liquid organic electrolytes are at present one of the major drawbacks of this technology. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), representing a lithium salt associated with a polar neutral polymer or with an ion-conducting polymer matrix have been proposed to replace liquid electrolytes in LIBs. Among other benefits, SPEs offer inherent thermal stability, nonflammability and good mechanical stability. Moreover, they do not require liquid electrolyte confinement and, therefore, enable the production of flexible and thinner batteries. Despite the mentioned advantages, the intrinsic low ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes have precluded their use in real devices so far, and significant research efforts are still required to address this open issue. Considering such a scenario, the research work during this Ph.D. career has been focused on the development of novel high-performance polymer electrolytes for applications in LIBs. The goal has been pursued exploiting a series of smart engineering strategies and synthetic pathways. All of the newly designed materials were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and electrochemical properties, and their performance evaluated in lab-scale lithium cell prototypes. In the first part of this Ph.D. work, UV-induced crosslinking has demonstrated to be a versatile tool for preparing different families of quasi-solid polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO). In the past decades, this polymer has been intensively studied since its ability to complex and transport alkali metal cations. At ambient temperature, the ionic conductivity of lithium salt complexes in PEO is limited by the semicristalline domains, and ion conduction is limited to the amorphous phase. Recently, combinations of high molecular weight PEO, lithium salts and low molecular weight plasticizer have been explored as polymer based electrolyte. Despite an increase of ionic conductivity, the mechanical stability of the composite was poor when the content of plasticizer exceeded a certain limit. In this thesis a solution to this problem was proposed: highly conductive PEO based polymer electrolytes were prepared via UV induced crosslinking in the presence of a lithium salt (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, LiTFSI) and various high boiling point liquid plasticizers. A room temperature ionic liquid, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (EMITFSI) was used in the former case, whereas tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) was employed in the latter. In both systems, ionic conductivity substantially increased upon incorporation of the plasticizer (up to 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C). Noteworthy, the obtained crosslinking assured the mechanical properties to be well retained despite the high plasticizer content (up to 45% wt). Moreover, the prepared SPE showed outstanding characteristics in terms of thermal stability (> 170 °C) and electrochemical stability window (>4.5 V in both cases). Finally, the prepared materials were successfully tested in lithium cells prototypes. An in situ polymerization method was developed to obtain an improved interfacial adhesion between the polymer electrolyte and the cells electrodes. Lab-scale lithium cells were assembled and tested up to hundred cycles of full charge and discharge, showing excellent performance at different operating temperatures and applied current rates. Given the promising prospect of the developed materials, along with the easiness of the proposed process, the newly developed preparati

In our highly advanced world, Lithium-ion batteries play an important role, which will try to push technological advancement. Applications for LIBs have expanded quickly, and their market share has been steadily growing as well. Nowadays, the uses of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) in portable electronic devices is increasing, so that many LIBs are finding their way into the waste material. There were a lot of LIB wastes produced in Bangladesh, but there is little information on their collection or recycling. Researchers predicted that it could be increase to between 100,000 and 188,000 tonnes in 2036. Most of the LIB wastes in Bangladesh is dumped in landfills; this wastes will have create detrimental effects on the environment as well as public health. Cobalt, lithium, base and other metals, and graphite are among the considerable precious resources found in LIB waste that might be recovered locally and utilized in new products. However, still a gap in knowledge which recycling procedure, have the least negative effects on the environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the various techniques currently utilized for recycling lithium-ion batteries, as well as how many lithium-ion batteries can be recycled in Bangladesh, with an emphasis on the effects on the environment.

The cobalt content in LIB (Lithium-ion Battery) can be recycled using green technology through a bioleaching process with the help of microorganisms to have high efficiency, low cost, easy method, and environmentally friendly. The bacterial strain of A. ferrooxidans in the bioleaching process isolated from acid mine water was capable to extracting cobalt in LIB to obtain pure metal ions. The aim of this research is to isolate bacteria A. ferrooxidans from acid mine water in order to extract the element cobalt from a LIB. This study has recovery with culture time of 0-14 days, aerobic systems, inoculum concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%. The optimization of bacterial growth was done by aerating the culture. The recovered cobalt were analyzed from the filtrate after the bioleaching process using ICP analysis. LIB and sediment of the bioleaching process were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDX. The conclusion of this study showed that the recovery of cobalt metal (Co) using the bacterial strain of A. ferrooxidans was obtained at 73.95% for 14 days with the addition of a battery cathode of 1 gram/100 ml at the optimum conditions obtained when the addition of 20% inoculum, pH: 2-4, temperature: 30°C, and the aeration system uses an aerator. Bacterial strains isolated from acid mine drainage have the potential as oxidizing agents for lithium and cobalt metals in bioleaching processes.

The demand for the energy was upturned the development of energy storage devices that can effectively be utilized for the storage and supply of energy that generated from the green and sustainable energy sources. Among the different energy storage systems explored, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) play a significant role since it can offer better and best electrochemical properties. Fabrication of battery components is noteworthy in order to ensure enhanced battery performance. Anodes which serve as the positive electrode in LIBs play a major role, and currently, carbonaceous anodes are mostly used in LIBs. Even if they can deliver high electronic conductivity, low electrochemical potential and high safety than the lithium metal, the specific capacity exhibited by this material is observed to be low. In order to meet this major challenge in next-generation LIBs, transition metal oxide-based anodes are extensively studied because of their large reversible lithium storage properties. Iron oxide (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) based anodes are one of the bests owing to their high theoretical capacity (1007 mAh g−1) which is attributed by the reversible conversion reaction that taking place between the lithium ion and metal oxides. Moreover, the environmental friendliness and low cost make it suitable anode in LIBs. However, the low electronic conductivity, large volume change during cycling that results in poor capacity retention and formation of unstable SEI are the serious concern with this anode material. One of the effective methods that used for resolving these issues is electrospinning which is considered as the most versatile technique for the fabrication of nanosized transition metal oxides. Fabrication of nanosized and nano-morphological structures as well as the structural modification can completely improvise the electrochemical performance of iron oxide-based anodes. The different aspects for the structural modification of iron oxide-based anodes and their electrochemical performance in LIBs will discuss in detail in this chapter.

This paper mainly research the relationship between the lithium-ion battery management systems and charging policies and temperature.In the introduction of lithium-ion battery characteristics of the premise, the lithium-ion battery protection methods are described, based on a lithium-ion battery protection method in detail its charging policies and to study the effect of temperature on charging policies, compared with good interpretation of the lithium-ion rechargeable battery management system strategy selection and temperature control importance of the lithium-ion battery protection, providing a theoretical basis and ideas for research and specific battery management system.

Conventional lithium-ion secondary batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and are now developed for large-scale applications in hybrid-type electric vehicles and stationary-type distributed power sources. However, there are inherent safety issues associated with thermal management and combustible organic electrolytes in such battery systems. The demands for batteries with high energy and power densities make these issues increasingly important. All-solid-state lithium batteries based on solid-state polymer and inorganic electrolytes are leak-proof and have been shown to exhibit excellent safety performance, making them a suitable candidate for the large-scale applications. This paper presents a brief review of the state-of-the-art development of all-solid-state lithium batteries including working principles, design and construction, and electrochemical properties and performance. Major issues associated with solid-state battery technologies are then evaluated. Finally, remarks are made on the further development of all-solid-state lithium cells.

With rapidly increased lithium ion batteries (LIBs) adoption, the need for sustainable battery recycling is a matter of utmost importance. Spent LIBs contain lithium, cobalt, nickel and other transition metals that are not only economically valuable but are also limited in terms of their geographical availabilities. Conventional recycling technologies, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, tend to be energy intensive, costly, and use toxic chemical processing which can be difficult to handle. Additionally, materials recovery efficiency remains low, due to low recycling rates of other components in the cell such as the liquid electrolyte and lithium salts. This is primarily because today’s LIBs are not designed specifically for recycling ease. While it might be too late for conventional batteries, next generation all solid-state batteries (ASSBs) might instead stand a chance. In this work, we developed a sustainable and practical ASSB recycling model, that involves complete closed-loop recyclability of all components in the cell including the solid electrolyte and electrodes. We demonstrate efficient separation and recovery of the solid electrolyte and spent electrodes from a cycled lithium metal full cell, without using toxic chemicals or energetic processes. These recovered materials are directly regenerated into their original usable formats without any breakdown of their core chemical structure. The fully recycled materials are then used to fabricate new ASSBs, achieving the same performance level as pristine ASSBs. This study provides a promising opportunity for sustainable recovery and recycling of spent ASSBs.

Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are representing a milestone in electrochemical energy storage and are still the state-of-the-art battery system for various mobile and stationary energy storage applications. However, the practical energy density of LIBs starts to reach an asymptotic limit. Beside LIBs, an auspicious variety of battery systems comprising a better option for specific applications in terms of e.g. energy density, so establishing a diversity of specific battery systems for specific applications is a good strategy.[1 ] After initially paving the way for the LIB, the lithium metal battery (LMB) experiences a revival due to an outstanding theoretical specific capacity (3 860 mAh g−1) and low electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs. SHE). However, continuous electrolyte consumption, the formation of an inhomogeneous SEI and high surface area lithium (HSAL), whose growth is induced by the heterogeneous and fragile structure of the SEI film, are still dominant challenges that need to be overcome. The liquid electrolytes also deal with safety issues like risk of leakage and flammability. The combination of Li metal with solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) could supress HSAL formation and avoid those safety hazards. However, SPEs deal with poor ionic conductivity at room temperature (10−8 S cm−1 ≤ σ ≤ 10−5 S cm−1) and, additionally, it is necessary to control the Li morphology during electrodeposition/dissolution to realize high-energy all-solid-state batteries (ASSB) based on Li metal anodes.[2 ,3 ] Several artificial protective coatings have been proposed to improve the LMA/SPE interface by facilitating the Li ion flux, promoting a homogeneous Li electrodeposition/dissolution and protecting the LMA against electrolyte degradation as well as enhancing the Li wetting interface. The SPE induces a more flexible interphase that withstands the volume change. Recently, metal oxides coated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) have gained attention due to a great thickness control, the possibility of monolayer deposition as well as a consequential homogeneity of the deposited protection layer. Furthermore, ALD is suitable for roll-to-roll coatings which is feasible for industrial application.[3,4 ] Herein, the setup of Li-metal-polymer batteries (LMP® technology) commercialized by Blue Solutions and applied in their “blue cars” (30 kWh, 100 Wh kg-1) was modified in several points. Li metal was coated with a metal oxide via atomic layer deposition (ALD) to form an intermetallic phase as protective layer and to improve the Li+ flux. The artificial protective coating at Li metal was combined with a PEO- and/or polyether-based SPE and the effect of the modifications on the electrochemical performance in different ASSB setups was investigated and characterized.[1] Placke, T.; Kloepsch, R.; Dühnen, S.; Winter, M. Lithium ion, lithium metal, and alternative rechargeable battery technologies: the odyssey for high energy density. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2017, 21, 1939-1964.[2] Cheng, X.-B.; Zhang, R.; Zhao, C.-Z.; Zhang, Q. Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review. Chemical Reviews 2017, 117, 10403-10473.[3] Han, Z.; Zhang, C.; Lin, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, Y.; Han, J.; Wu, D.; Kang, F.; Yang, Q. H.; Lv, W. A Protective Layer for Lithium Metal Anode: Why and How. Small Methods 2021, 5, 2001035.[4] Han, Y.; Liu, B.; Xiao, Z.; Zhang, W.; Wang, X.; Pan, G.; Xia, Y.; Xia, X.; Tu, J. Interface issues of lithium metal anode for high‐energy batteries: Challenges, strategies, and perspectives. InfoMat 2021, 3, 155-174.

In order to increase the energy density of lithium ion batteries, lithium metal is an attractive anode material based on its high specific capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, a major drawback of lithium metal anodes comprises dendrite growth due to unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resulting in severe safety hazards. Polymer electrolytes constitute a viable alternative to commonly utilized liquid electrolytes and are able to suppress or even avoid dendrite growth thereby providing increased safety. In particular, single ion conducting polymer electrolytes are promising for application in lithium ion or lithium metal batteries. In contrast to common dual ion conducting electrolytes, single ion conductors afford high transference numbers, hence significantly reducing polarization effects as only lithium ions are mobile whereas anions are bound at the polymer backbone. In this contribution we present various single ion conducting polymers composed of AB-type alternating block copolymers in which the lithium ions are bound to the backbone (e.g., bis(4-carboxyl benzene sulfonyl)imide moieties). Systematic variation of the constituents can control the achievable properties including the morphology, electrical and electrochemical properties of the resulting polymers. The electrolyte membranes fabricated for application in lithium meatal batteries are blends of single ion conducting aromatic polymers and a flexible linear polymer such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-co -hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP). The appropriate ratio of the polymer blends is evaluated to yield membranes (swollen with thermally stable solvent solutions of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (EC: PC, 1:1, v/v)), with increased ionic conductivity, reduced solvent uptake as well as sufficient flexibility and mechanical stability as well as reduced solvent uptake. We present optimized routes for the synthesis of single ion conducting polymers and suitable membrane compositions. Furthermore, feasible relations of both structural and physicochemical properties of the polymer membranes are discussed, particularly with respect to underlying ion transport properties or transport mechanisms, in this way potentially enabling controlled modification or adjustment of either the chemical structures or electrochemical properties of the polymer membranes. A morphology analysis is performed using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), while nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and electrochemical data including impedance as well as dielectric loss spectra are combined to unravel the major ion transport mechanisms and ion mobility in addition to ionic conductivity, complex permittivity, self-diffusion coefficients and transference numbers. Both the oxidative and reductive stability as well as cycling performance in NMC/ lithium metal cells are also presented. Profound understanding of the ion transport mechanisms and property relations in single ion conducting polymer electrolyte membranes is essential and will allow to design future electrolyte membranes having desired properties. Thereby, the requirement for different applications can be met and the application of safe and highly performing lithium metal batteries can be enabled.

Metal-organic framework cobalt gallate derived high-voltage carbon coated lithium cobalt oxide cathode and porous carbon supported cobalt oxide anode materials for superior lithium-ion storage

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications in consumer electronics nowdays are rapidly growing resulting the increase of batteries solid waste containing toxic and corrosive substances for the environment. On the other hand, the main active cathode components in LIB are Lithium and Cobalt, which are hazardous and limited in nature but are valuable metals. This study aims to use bio-hydrometallurgical techniques to recover heavy metals from LIB using microorganisms to avoid toxic waste from used solvents which are usually generated in conventional chemical leaching. Filamentous fungi have an important role in secreting citric acid and several organic acids to facilitate the dissolution of metal ions from the metal solids. Self-grown fungi, Aspergillus niger isolated from waste spices (Candlenut) was used as a leaching agent. Route based on fungal activity was evaluated to optimized the detoxification and metal recovery from spent LIB in various conditions (one-step, two-step and spent medium bioleaching) in 21 days of incubation. The quantitative result of XRF and EDX analysis of battery powder before and after bioleaching confirm that fungal activities are quite effective. The maximum recovery of both metals (Cobalt and Lithium) in leached liquor reached up to 72% analyzed using ICP-OES with the one-step leaching method. With respect due to the high metal recovery, fungal leaching has proven to be an easy and cost-effective green metallurgical method for recycling heavy metals in used LIBs.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in a variety of applications due to their high energy and power densities, and long cycle life. With the expanding use of LIBs in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, there is very active research into all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), which offer greater energy density than traditional LIBs and eliminate the inherent fire hazards. Since most of the detailed reactions involved in the performance and degradation of a battery are temperature-sensitive, so-called thermal activation processes, it is very important to accurately assess whether a battery can have the high performance and low degradation characteristics required under different climatic conditions. To evaluate the electrochemical properties of electrode materials in LIBs, a half-cell is typically constructed with the electrode of interest as the working electrode (WE) and lithium metal as auxiliary electrode (AE). Here, lithium metal is close to an ideal non-polarizable material, has a large capacity, and maintains a constant potential during charge/discharge, so it is widely used as AE material in LIB research. However, several issues arise when lithium is used as AE in ASSBs: Lithium metal undergoes mechanical deformation due to the relatively high internal pressure required to ensure good contact between lithium and solid electrolyte; When in contact with sulfide-based solid electrolytes, which are currently of interest due to their high ionic conductivity, side reaction products can lead to an increase in interfacial resistance; the growth of lithium dendrites, often observed in conventional LIBs, is still unavoidable. These issues all affect the half-cell signal, potentially causing a distorted evaluation of the WE’s characteristics.Lithium-indium alloy is being utilized as AE for ASSB half-cells to replace lithium metal. It exhibits excellent mechanical ductility and maintains a constant reduction potential over a wide stoichiometric range, ensuring excellent contact property and voltage stability. Moreover, it is very easy to fabricate through simple compression at room temperature. Nevertheless, the limited study on its electrochemical properties leaves uncertainty regarding its full functionality as AE for accurate evaluation of WE, particularly in extreme operational conditions. For instance, lithium-indium alloy are primarily based on alloying/dealloying reactions involving solid-state diffusion of lithium, which is generally considered to be a relatively slow process kinetically, while lithium only involves a kinetically favorable plating/stripping process on the surface. Therefore, a comparative analysis of these different reaction mechanisms in terms of kinetics is necessary. This presentation presents a comparative analysis of the electrochemical properties of lithium metal and lithium-indium alloys used as AEs in ASSB half-cells. In particular, the electrochemical properties of lithium-indium alloys with different reaction mechanisms with lithium are investigated over a range of temperatures and current densities, and these differences are discussed from a kinetic point of view. For this purpose, first, using a three-electrode half-cell with lithium or lithium-indium alloy as AE, we compared the electrochemical properties of these two AEs during half-cell operation by interpreting their potential and over-potential changes, and quantifying their detailed resistances. Then, through dc experiments on lithium and lithium-indium symmetrical cells, we identified differences in overvoltage behavior due to differences in their reaction mechanism. In particular, we noted distinct differences in the overpotential behavior of these two electrodes at low temperatures and high current densities. Furthermore, based on the results of a combined dc/ac electrochemical analysis, we derived the overvoltage that dominates the overall overvoltage at each of the two electrodes. Based on these results, we analyzed how the kinetic differences between the two electrodes affect the cathode half-cell signal, in order to derive key considerations for reliable ASSB half-cell evaluation. In this presentation, the advantages and disadvantages of lithium-indium alloy compared to lithium metal as AE will be discussed from a kinetic perspective, focusing on interfacial and bulk resistance (overpotential). Furthermore, methods for utilizing AE to conduct accurate and reliable half-cell tests will be proposed.