Global Burden of Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Attributable to Alcohol Use in 204 Countries and Regions.

Aim To analyze the worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking. Methods The worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking and its spatial distribution differences were analyzed using the age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, and estimated annual percent change (EAPC) according to information from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Results The number of deaths and DALYs associated with lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking globally showed upward trends from 1990 to 2019, but the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates decreased. The age-standardized mortality rate gradually increased with age. The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were markedly higher in low-middle social development index (SDI) regions than in other regions. The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates showed slight increasing trends (EAPC = 0.16 and 0.07, respectively) in middle-SDI regions and the greatest decrease (EAPC = –1.60 and –1.74, respectively) in high-SDI regions. The three regions with the highest age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were South Asia (1.59; 39.68), Eastern Europe (1.33; 40.59), and Central Europe (1.30; 37.67), but the largest increases were observed in East Asia (EAPC = 2.32, EAPC = 2.30), the Northern Mariana Islands (EAPC = 3.79, EAPC = 3.67), and Cabo Verde (EAPC = 2.84; DALY, EAPC = 3.38). Conclusion The overall disease burden attributable to smoking is decreasing, but the number of deaths and DALYs are still increasing. Moreover, there are regional and national differences, and high-risk regions and countries should implement targeted interventions to reduce the burden.

To investigate the trends in the global burden due to cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021, and to predict the global burden of cystic echinococcosis from 2022 to 2035, so as to provide insights into formulation of the cystic echinococcosis control strategy. The global age-standardized prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) of cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021 were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database, and the trends in the global burden of cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model. The associations between the global burden of cystic echinococcosis and socio-demographic index (SDI) were examined using a smoothing spline model and frontier analysis, and the global burden of cystic echinococcosis was projected from 2022 to 2035 using the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model. The global agestandardized prevalence, mortality and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis were 7.69/105 [95% UI: (6.27/105, 9.51/105)], 0.02/105 [95% UI: (0.01/105, 0.02/105)], and 1.32/105 [95% UI: (0.99/105, 1.69/105)] in 2021. The global age-standardized prevalence of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a rise by 0.14% per year from 1990 to 2021, and the global age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline by 4.68% and 4.01% per year from 1990 to 2021, respectively. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that global age-standardized prevalence of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2000 [annual percent change (APC) = -0.66%, 95% confidence interval (CI): (-0.70%, -0.61%)] and from 2005 to 2015 [APC = -0.88%, 95% CI: (-0.93%, -0.82%)], and towards a rise from 2000 to 2005 [APC = 3.68%, 95% CI: (3.49%, 3.87%)] and from 2015 to 2021 [APC=0.30%, 95%CI: (0.19%, 0.40%)].Theagestandardized prevalence (r = -0.17, P < 0.05), mortality (r = -0.67, P < 0.05) and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis (r = -0.60, P < 0.05) all correlated negatively with SDI across 21 geographical regions from 1990 to 2021, and the age-standardized mortality (r = -0.61, P < 0.05) and DALYs rates (r = -0.44, P < 0.05) both correlated negatively with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021. Frontier analysis revealed that the age-standardized DALYs rate of cystic echinococcosis was still not in line with the frontier in some high-SDI countries or territories. In addition, the global age-standardized prevalence was projected with the BAPC model to appear a tendency towards a rise among both men [estimated annual percent change (EAPC) = 0.18%, 95% CI: (0.13%, 0.23%)] and women [EAPC = 0.29%, 95% CI: (0.24%, 0.34%)] from 2022 to 2035, and the global age-standardized mortality [men: EAPC = -4.71%, 95% CI: (-4.71%, -4.37%); women: EAPC = -4.74%, 95% CI: (-4.74%, -4.74%)] and DALYs rates [men: EAPC = -3.35%, 95% CI: (-3.36%, -3.34%); women: EAPC = -3.17%, 95% CI: (-3.18%, -3.16%)] were projected to appear a tendency towards a decline among both men and women. The global burden of cystic echinococcosis appeared an overall tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021; however, the global prevalence of cystic echinococcosis is projected to appear a tendency towards a rise from 2022 to 2035. Intensified cystic echinococcosis control programmes are recommended.

We sought to assess the impact of dietary risk on the worldwide burden of stroke, focusing specifically on ischemic stroke. Utilizing information from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD2021), we evaluated the age-standardized death rate (ASDR), the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, and the age, sex, and regional distribution of the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of the stroke burden linked to dietary risk from 1990 to 2021. The global overall ASDR and the age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 population for stroke linked to dietary risk from 1990 to 2021 exhibited a declining trend [EAPC = -1.95; EAPC = -1.70, respectively]. The reduction in ASDR was statistically more pronounced in female (EAPC = -2.42) compared to males (EAPC = -1.60). The dietary factor exerting the most significant impact on stroke in 2021 was a high sodium diet, succeeded by a diet deficient in fruit. The regions and countries most affected by a high-sodium diet on the ASDR for ischemic stroke are Central Europe (9.86 per 100,000 population) and North Macedonia (33.13 per 100,000 population), respectively; the regions and countries with the most substantial influence on the age-standardized DALY rate are East Asia (187.15 per 100,000 population) and North Macedonia (477.26 per 100,000 population). The ASDR and age-standardized DALY rates across 5 Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions, 20 regions, and over 170 countries worldwide demonstrated a notable downward trend, with the regions experiencing the most significant decline being High SDI (EAPC: -3.64; EAPC: -2.74, respectively). The sole increase in ASDR was recorded in southern sub-Saharan Africa. The worldwide toll of stroke linked to dietary risks may have diminished from 1990 to 2021. Nevertheless, the most significant dietary contributors are diets rich in sodium and deficient in fruit, with the stroke burden associated with dietary risks remaining especially elevated in Central Europe, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Lowering sodium consumption and enhancing fruit intake can aid in alleviating the global disease burden.

Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study, the burden of cancer attributable to occupational risks between 1990 and 2019 was explored. The estimated burden in different regions was compared in terms of the age-standardized death rates (ASDRs), age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates, and corresponding estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs). The comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the risk of death and DALYs attributable to occupational risk factors. Globally from 1990 to 2019, ASDRs decreased (EAPC = -0.69; 95% CI: -0.76 to -0.61), and age-standardized DALY rates decreased (EAPC = -0.99; 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.94). In terms of the global age distribution of cancer attributable to occupational risk factors, the death rate and DALY rates increased with age. In addition, from 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths, DALYs, ASDRs, and age-standardized DALY rates in men were higher than those in women, and the cancer burden grew fastest in Georgia (EAPC = 5.04), Croatia (EAPC = 4.01), and Honduras (EAPC = 3.54). Moreover, as the sociodemographic index (SDI) value of a country or region increased, its burden of cancer attributable to occupational risk factors rapidly increased. The global cancer burden attributable to occupational risk factors declined from 1990 to 2019, was higher in men than in women, and was concentrated in middle-aged and older adults. The baseline cancer burdens of regions or countries increased as their SDI values increased and were especially high in high-SDI regions or countries.

Understanding the current burden of stomach cancer linked to smoking and the variations in trends across different locations, is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. In this study, we present findings on the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate attributed to smoking in 204 countries and territories spanning 21 regions from 1990 to 2019. The data for this study were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019, which assessed 369 diseases and injuries, as well as 87 risk factors in 204 countries and 21 regions. To assess the trend in ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was utilized. Between 1990 and 2019, smoking was found to be associated with a decrease in ASDR (EAPC = -2.20) and age-standardized DALYs (EAPC = -2.42) rates for gastric cancer. As the sociodemographic index (SDI) increased, the decline in rates also increased gradually. However, the decline was smallest in regions with low SDI (EAPCASDR = -1.34; EAPCage-standardized DALYs rate = -1.38). In 21 regions, both ASDR and DALYs rates experienced a decline. The smallest decline in ASDR was observed in Western Sub-Saharan Africa, with an EAPC of -0.80, while the smallest decline in DALYs rate was found in Oceania, with an EAPC of -0.81. Among the 204 countries analyzed, the Dominican Republic showed the highest increase in ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate (EAPCASDR = 1.19; EAPCage-standardized DALYs rate = 1.21), followed by Afghanistan (EAPCASDR = 1.09; EAPCage-standardized DALYs rate = 1.09) and Sao Tome and Principe (EAPCASDR = 1.05; EAPCage-standardized DALYs rate = 1.03). In the year 2019, the highest ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate was observed in East Asia, with the highest rates occurring in Mongolia. The burden of stomach cancer worldwide, adjusted for age, and related to smoking, has shown a decline from 1990 to 2019. However, regional disparities have been identified, with some areas experiencing an increase in this burden. These regions with a higher burden emphasize the necessity for the implementation of strong tobacco control measures.

ObjectiveTo explore the global trends in the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of lip and oral cavity cancer from 1990 to 2021, analyze regional, age and gender differences in lip and oral cavity cancer across the world, and predict future trends.MethodsThe data were all from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, calculating the global incidence, mortality and DALY rates of lip and oral cavity cancer per 100,000 population. The estimated annual percent change (EAPC) was calculated and a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis was conducted. The fitting curves of the disease burden indicators and the socio-demographic index (SDI) were analyzed.ResultsGlobally, incident cases of lip and oral cavity cancer in 2021 were 421,577 (95% UI, 389,878.79–449,782.06), number of deaths was 208,379 (95% UI, 191,287.97–224,162.08) and number of DALY was 5,874,070 (95% UI, 5,326,986.06-6,347,557.28). From 1990 to 2021, the incidence increased by 63.68%, the mortality rate increased by 44.6%, and the DALY rate increased by 35.21%. Among the five SDI regions, the incidence, mortality, and DALY rate in middle SDI regions have seen the largest increases, with EAPC of 2.83% (95% CI, 2.69–2.97), 1.99% (95% CI, 1.9–2.07), and 1. 71% (95%CI, 1.64–1.78). From the perspective of 21 regions, the incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer was highest in Australasia in 2021 (11.21 per 100,000; 95%UI, 9.97–12.4). At the national level, Palau has the highest incidence, mortality, and DALY rate globally (32.32 per 100,000; 95%UI, 24.64–41.33, 17.62 per 100,000; 95%UI, 13.37–22.83, 558.99 per 100,000; 95%UI, 420.48-735.74). BAPC forecasts a global rise in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) for this cancer in the coming years.ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2021, global rates of lip and oral cavity cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY rates increased significantly, with particularly notable rises in low-middle and middle SDI regions. This highlights the urgency of taking targeted intervention measures.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-07248-9.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the situation and change trends in the tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer burden attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) stratified by gender, age, region, country, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Methods: We evaluated the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of TBL cancer attributable to HFPG and their corresponding estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) trends in 204 countries and 21 regions. Results: Globally from 1990 to 2019, the ASDR (EAPC=0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82–1.15) and age-standardized DALY rate (EAPC=0.68; 95% CI: 0.55–0.82) of TBL cancer attributable to HFPG trended upward. Furthermore, the steepest increment in age-standardized death and DALY rates were noted in low-SDI regions (EAPC=1.32; EAPC=1.35) and the North Africa/Middle East region (EAPC=2.66, ESPC=2.56) among all five SDI regions and 21 global geographic regions, respectively. Among the 204 countries, the highest growth rate in the ASDR was found in Georgia (EAPC=4.33, 95% CI: 3.66–5.00), and the highest growth rate in the age-standardized DALY rate occurred in Egypt (EAPC=4.34, 95% CI: 4.22–4.47). The highest ASDR and age-standardized DALY rate occurred in people over the age of 65 years, and in the 21 geographic regions, SDIs were negatively correlated with ASDRs and EAPCs in DALYs. Conclusion: The global burden of TBL cancer attributable to HFPG trended upward. The most significant increase in burden was observed in low-SDI regions and countries.

Projected Global Trends in Hematological Malignancies: Incidence, Mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years from 2020 to 2030

To estimate the rates of incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ischemic stroke in young adults aged 15-49 years and the relevant risk factors by sex, age group, and sociodemographic index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2019 study were used. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to evaluate the temporal trends from 1990 to 2019. We also estimated the risk factors contributing to DALYs resulting from ischemic stroke. From 1990 to 2019, the global age-standardized incidence (EAPC = -0.97), death (EAPC = -0.11), and DALYs rates (EAPC = -0.55) of ischemic stroke in young adults decreased. The largest increases in age-standardized incidence, death, and DALYs rates were observed in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. At the regional level, North Africa and the Middle East and Southeast Asia showed the largest increases in the age-standardized incidence, death, and DALYs rates of ischemic stroke. The age-standardized incidence rate was higher among young women than among young men in 2019. Globally, a high environmental temperature, high body mass index (BMI), and a high fasting plasma glucose contributed to the largest increases in age-standardized DALYs rates between 1990 and 2019. In the same period, the largest increases in the age-standardized DALYs rates in high-SDI and low-SDI regions were attributable to high environmental temperatures and alcohol use, respectively. The burden of ischemic stroke in young adults continues to increase in low-SDI regions such as North Africa and the Middle East and Southeast Asia. There were differences in the primary risk factors related to the burden of ischemic stroke in different SDI regions. Targeted implementation of cost-effective policies and interventions is an urgent need to reduce the burden of ischemic stroke in young adults.

Disparities in the global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer from 1990 to 2019.

We aimed to clarify the distribution of the spatiotemporal burden of Low physical activity (LPA)-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021. We systematically extracted Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 data on CVD burden attributable to LPA from 1990 to 2021, stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles and 21 GBD geographical regions. Three complementary metrics were employed: (1) Age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and (2) Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rate provided cross-sectional burden estimates, while (3) Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) quantified temporal trends in ASDR/DALY rates. The EAPC-derived trend patterns were further analyzed in conjunction with SDI levels and regional variations to identify disparities in physical inactivity-related CVD burden. The age-standardized DALY rate (EAPC = -1.30) and ASDR (EAPC = -1.41) for CVD attributable to LPA showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2021. The highest age-standardized DALY rate and ASDR per 100,000 population across all five SDI regions were observed in the Low-middle SDI region (111.53; 5.67). Among the 21 geographic regions and 204 countries, the highest age-standardized DALY rate and ASDR per 100,000 population for CVD attributable to LPA in 2021 were both reported in North Africa and the Middle East (211.62; 10.50), with Sudan having the highest rates (616.58; 24.56). The largest increase in the age-standardized DALY rate from 1990 to 2021 was observed in Southeast Asia (EAPC = 0.19), while the most substantial increase in ASDR was noted in Southern sub-Saharan Africa (EAPC = 0.44). Both the age- standardized DALY rate and ASDR increased the most in Lesotho (EAPC = 2.30; EAPC = 2.39). Although the global burden of CVD attributable to LPA has decreased from 1990 to 2021, the burden remains significant in low- and middle-income countries.

BackgroundYoung chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to people with COPD between the ages of 20 and 50 years. Current epidemiological studies focus on local geography, and there is a lack of global-level analysis. This study provides in-depth analyses of the disease burden of young COPD at global, regional, and national levels.MethodsThis study used the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD). The age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate were used to describe the disease burden. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) during the study period was calculated. Joinpoint regression analysis examined the time trend from 1990 to 2021. Annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated. Risk factors were reported by region and sex.ResultsIn 2021, the global number of young COPD cases was 30,384,539, and the ASPR, ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardised DALYs rates fell slightly. Oceania reported the highest ASPR, ASDR, and age-standardised DALYs rate. High-income North America has the highest ASIR. In 2021, the prevalence, incidence, death, and DALYs rates exhibited similar trends, increasing with age. From 1990 to 2021, both the prevalence and death rates showed a consistent downward trend across all age groups. Joinpoint regression analysis indicated a slight increase in both the ASPR (APC: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.19) and the ASIR (APC: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.24) during the period from 1990 to 1994. The leading DALYs attributable to risk factors for young COPD are household air pollution from solid fuels (20.4%), ambient particulate matter pollution (17.9%), and smoking (13.5%).ConclusionsThe global burden of ASPR, ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardised DALYs rates in young COPD has decreased, however, the absolute number of patients has increased. The global burden shows noticeable regional differences, with particularly high burdens observed in Oceania. Improving air quality, promoting smoking cessation, and increasing access to lung function tests, raising awareness of young COPD are key strategies for alleviating the burden of young COPD.

Background:To date, no study has evaluated trends in the burden of alcohol-induced cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2019 study. Herein, we report on the global burden of alcohol-induced cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases in terms of age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2019, based on analysis of GBD 2019 data.Methods:The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to determine the trends in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for alcohol-induced cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases.Results:From 1990 to 2019, the global age-standardized incidence rate showed an upward trend (EAPC = 0.10), whereas the global age-standardized mortality rate and DALYs showed a downward trend (EAPC = − 0.88 and − 0.89, respectively). Low-(187.08 in 2019) and low-middle (178.11 in 2019)SDI regions had much higher age-standardized DALYs. Eastern Europe saw the largest increases in the age-standardized mortality rate and DALYs. Lithuania had the largest increase in mortalities caused by alcohol-induced cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases(EAPC = 4.61). The age-standardized mortality rates and DALYs were higher in men than in women.Conclusion:From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of alcohol-induced cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases increased globally; however, both the age-standardized mortality rate and DALYs caused by alcohol-induced cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases showed decreasing trends. Future studies should devise preventive strategies for low and low-middle SDI regions, Eastern Europe, Lithuania, and other high-risk regions.

To measure the burden of hepatitis B-associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, and to predict its changes from 2020 to 2030. The age-standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rate of hepatitis B-associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019) data resources, and the trends in burdens of hepatitis B-associated diseases were evaluated from 1990 to 2019 using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and annual percent change (APC). In addition, the changes in the burden of hepatitis B-associated diseases were predicted in China from 2020 to 2023 using the Bayesian model. The overall incidence of hepatitis B-associated diseases reduced from 2 725.98/105 in 1990 to 1 397.31/105 in 2019 in China [estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) = -2.35%, 95% confidential interval (CI): (-2.58%, -2.13%)], with a reduction in the prevalence from 12 239.53/105 in 1990 to 6 566.12/105 in 2019 [EAPC = -2.34%, 95% CI: (-2.54%, -2.14%)], a reduction in the mortality from 24.67/105 in 1990 to 8.07/105 in 2019 [EAPC = -4.92%, 95% CI: (-5.37%, -4.47%)], and a reduction in the DALY rate from 793.38/105 in 1990 to 247.71/105 in 2019 [(EAPC = -5.15%, 95% CI: (-5.64%, -4.66%)]. The DALY rate of hepatitis B-associated diseases were mainly attributed to liver cancer, and the DALY rate of hepatitis B-associated diseases appeared a tendency towards a rise in China from 2012 to 2019 [APC = 1.30%, 95% CI: (0.16%, 2.45%)]. The overall burden of hepatitis Bassociated diseases was higher in males than in females, and the DALY rate of hepatitis B-associated diseases increased with age, with the greatest DALY rate seen among patients at ages of 50 to 69 years. The overall incidence of hepatitis B-associated diseases was projected to be 866.79/105 in China in 2030, with the greatest incidence seen in acute hepatitis B (854.87/105), and the burden of hepatitis B-associated diseases was predicted to decline in China from 2020 to 2030; however, the burden of liver disease was projected to appear a tendency towards a rise. The burden of hepatitis B-associated diseases appears an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2030; however, the burden of liver cancer appears a tendency towards aggravation. Early diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer should be given a high priority.

Global burden of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease in older adults (60-89 years old), 1990-2019: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019