Abstract
Historically, seabed fluid flow (especially groundwater expulsion) has been known to man for centuries. However, modern survey systems such as the side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, and, not the least, the multi-beam echo sounder have facilitated mapping of seabed details at all water depths. Focused fluid flow locations on the seabed are characterised by geomorphological expressions such as pockmarks, carbonate mounds, and mud volcanoes. When these topographical expressions are combined with other geophysical data, such as acoustic reflection characteristics, side-scan sonar data, and shallow seismic data, fluid flow locations can normally be pin-pointed. Ground-truthing of focused fluid flow through the seafloor is performed either visually or by geochemical sampling and analyses.
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