Geometry from Coastal Life: a grounded theory of primary students’ 3D geometry understanding in Northern Coastal West Java

Extended abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Various effects of continuous drought, contributes to the vulnerability of rural households and their livelihoods is unstable, dynamic and multi-dimensional nature and vulnerability of drought it difficult to provide the study. However, to understand what an important role in mitigating the effects of drought vulnerability and improve the livelihood of rural people. The purpose of this research is to explain the process of villagers' vulnerability to drought. 2. METHODOLOGY Therefore, the purpose of this Qualitative research was to explain the process of villagers' vulnerability to drought, case: Peshtang Village in Ravansar County, that It takes Two following specific aims in relation to the status of household’s vulnerability to drought: (A) What is the process of vulnerability theory of drought in rural areas? (B) What are the constituent elements (basic concepts, causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, interaction strategies, and outcomes) of this process? Due to the main purpose of this research, the regional was elected that in the past, it had good agricultural condition but now because of regional drought, it is high damage, so the Peshtang village with emphasize of agriculture experts in Rawansar city and key local informants, was selected. This village is of Dawlat Abad district of the central city of Rawansar in Kermanshah province, which has a population of 145 people, 45 households, and 30 km from the city center Rawansar and livelihoods of most people in the village are farmers and ranchers. In order to explore and enrich the experiences, attitudes and perceptions of rural people to the magnitude of vulnerability resulting from drought in Peshtang village on Rawansar County used the qualitative research methods and specifically the grounded theory approach provided Strauss The population used in this study included all the rural households in the sample were selected by Purposive sampling. On the other hand, given that the level of drought vulnerability among the people of these villages was not the same, so in order to identify vulnerable groups, classification techniques of participatory rural incomes by key informants was conducted. Data were collected using semi-structured individual interview, focus groups, direct observation, field notes, income participatory classification, land use mapping techniques. After 10 semi-structured interviews, each for a maximum of two hours, theoretical saturation was achieved. Thus, the responses were repeated and new concepts of the samples weren't found. Three steps are used to analyze data with recommendations of Strauss and Corbin (1998): Open coding، axial and selective coding was utilized as a basis of data analysis. Open coding is part of an analysis concerned with identifying, naming, categorizing, and describing phenomenon found in the text. At the end of this stage was 11 floors. In axial coding, communication and connection between categories was discovered. Axial coding is the process of relating codes to each other, through a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. In selective coding, the researcher chooses one category to be the core category, and relates all other categories derived during previous process to that category. 3.DISCUSSION Findings from the analysis of comparing 11 floors of open coding showed that classification of rural vulnerability to drought as a core category (phenomenon central to the process) and in a paradigmatic model, axial coding was done. paradigmatic model of axial coding includes causal conditions, context, core category, Intervening conditions, action or strategies and consequences. in fact, a grounded theory researcher Identified one of the open coding categories as the core category that is central to a theory. Then, this core category becomes the center point of the axial coding paradigm. Examining this paradigm, included the following:  Causal conditions; categories of conditions that influence the core category,  Context; the specific conditions that influence the strategies,  Core category; the idea of phenomenon central to the process,  Intervening conditions; the general contextual conditions that influence strategies,  Strategies; the specific actions or interactions that result from the core phenomenon  Consequences; the outcomes of employing the strategies. Results of this qualitative research indicated the causes of rural vulnerability to drought is varied and 11 component includes that in the form of paradigmatic model includes causal conditions (Climatic factors), phenomenon, context (environmental and livelihood), intervening conditions (institutional -protective factors), action or strategies (Technical and non-technical) and consequences (Economic, social and environmental), process of rural vulnerability show and reflect different aspects of it. 4. CONCLUSION Based on the results, it is recommended that authorities perform participatory strategies to mitigate the effects of drought and promoting the adaptation capacity of villagers prioritizing in the rural areas, in the context recommended that sustainable livelihood strategies with an emphasis on strengthening physical, social, human, financial and natural assets for vulnerable rural.

Geometry self-efficacy is an essential affective aspect that will influence students in solving mathematics problems, especially geometry material. Therefore, teachers must be able to develop learning instructions that not only affect students' mathematical abilities but also strengthen students' affective aspects. This research explores students' geometry self-efficacy when learning to solve three-dimensional geometry problems through the 5E Instructional Model intervention. A grounded theory design was used to reveal the aims of this research. Participants in this research were one mathematics teacher and 22 students (12 girls and 10 boys) in class VIII at a state Junior High School in Indramayu Regency, Indonesia. The research involved the qualitative analysis of gathered data obtained through observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation, employing grounded theory analysis techniques, including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The findings revealed that students with high self-efficacy in geometry display confidence in describing and calculating the surface area and volume of three-dimensional geometric objects. Those with moderate self-efficacy in geometry are self-assured in addressing straightforward assignments but may need more confidence in tackling more complex tasks. Conversely, students with low self-efficacy in geometry tend to need more confidence and are prone to giving up easily. Therefore, this research emphasizes that the geometry self-efficacy level can influence how students act and complete 3D geometry tasks given by teachers in learning, especially 3D geometry learning.

The purpose of this study is the magnitude of the influence between the leadership style of the principal and the work discipline of the teacher both individually and jointly on the performance of the teacher in the Public Elementary School in the Haurgeulis District of Indramayu Regency. This research was conducted to find an analysis of the relationship between school principal supervision and work climate with the motivation of elementary school teachers working in Kertasemaya Subdistrict, Indramayu Regency with correlational and regression techniques. The type of research used is quantitative, namely research based on the calculation of numbers or statistics of a variable to be studied separately and then connected. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded (1) there is a positive and significant influence of the principal's leadership style (X1) on Teacher's performance (Y) in Public Elementary Schools in the Haurgeulis District of Indramayu Regency. The magnitude of the influence of the principal's leadership style (X1) on Teacher performance (Y) in Public Elementary Schools in the District of Haurgeulis in Indramayu Regency was 6.84% and the rest was influenced by teacher discipline variables and other variables not examined in this study. (2) There is a positive and significant influence of teacher work discipline (X2) on Teacher performance (Y) of Public Elementary Schools in Haurgeulis District, Indramayu Regency. The magnitude of the influence of teacher work discipline (X2) on the performance of Teachers (Y) of Public Elementary Schools in the District of Haurgeulis in Indramayu Regency amounted to the remaining 10.5% influenced by the principal leadership style variables and other variables not examined in this study. (3) There is a positive and significant influence of the principal's leadership style (X1) and teacher work discipline (X2) together on the performance of Teachers (Y) of Public Elementary Schools in the Haurgeulis District of Indramayu Regency. The magnitude of the influence of the principal's leadership style (X1) on the performance of Teachers (Y) of Public Elementary Schools in the District of Haurgeulis in Indramayu Regency amounted to the remaining 10.5% influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

The primary objective of the present study was to develop a model for organizational maturity based on talent management and organizational intelligence in Islamic Azad University, Tehran Province. This study follows a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) approach based on its purpose. The qualitative section of the study included experts and specialists in educational management, as well as full-time and adjunct faculty members of Islamic Azad University, totaling approximately 130 individuals. The sample size in the first phase continued until theoretical saturation was reached, which was achieved with approximately 18 participants, using a non-probability snowball sampling method. The quantitative section of the study also involved experts and specialists in educational management, as well as full-time and adjunct faculty members of Islamic Azad University, with a total population of approximately 130 individuals. The sample size for the second phase, determined based on Morgan’s table, was 97, and a stratified random sampling method was employed. The data collection instruments were as follows: in the first phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather qualitative data. In the second phase, a researcher-developed questionnaire was utilized. For qualitative data analysis, the grounded theory method was employed, emphasizing steps of data analysis, including open, axial, and selective coding, along with developing a logical design or a visual representation of the generated theory, which was applied in this research. In the quantitative phase, the one-sample t-test was used to validate the proposed model. According to the findings of this study, the selective code (core category) included the dimensions and components of organizational maturity in Islamic Azad University, with the axial codes (subcategories) being organizational openness and transparency, mutual trust, inclusion and engagement, internal and external feedback, development and empowerment, and a low-layered organizational structure. The selective code also encompassed the dimensions and components of organizational maturity based on organizational intelligence in Islamic Azad University, with the axial codes including strategic vision, shared destiny, willingness to change, courage and boldness, unity and consensus, knowledge application, and performance pressure. Furthermore, the selective code included the dimensions and components of organizational maturity based on talent management in Islamic Azad University, which comprised talent acquisition systems, talent assessment and identification, talent development and training systems, and talent retention and maintenance.

본 연구는 과학영재학교 조기입학 학생들이 어떤 조건과 상호작용전략을 사용하여 학교적응을 하는지 알아보았다. 이를 위하여 조기입학생 6명과 조기입학 준비학생 2명을 대상으로 심층면담을 하였다. 반구조화 질문을 이용하여 개별심층면담을 실시하여, 과학영재학교에 진학하였을 때 어떠한 걱정과 우려를 가지고 진학하였는지 그리고 학교생활을 하면서 어떻게 적응해 가는지 그 과정을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 근거이론 방법을 이용하여, 개방 코딩, 축 코딩, 선택 코딩 과정을 통해 패러다임 모형을 구성하고 핵심범주를 추출하였다. 개방 코딩을 통해 75개의 개념과 21개의 하위범주, 10개의 범주를 추출하였고, 축 코딩 과정에서는 개방 코딩을 통해 추출한 10개의 범주간의 관계를 규명하여 패러다임 모형을 구성하였으며, 선택 코딩과정에서는 '학업적 사회적 정서적 적응 전략을 이용한 학교적응'이라는 핵심범주를 찾아냈다. 이를 통해 과학영재학교에 조기입학하는 학생들의 적응과정에 대해 보다 심층적으로 이해하였다. The aim of this study was to investigate the conditions and strategies of interaction for the school adjustment for the early entrance students of science academy for the gifted. To know their concerns and process of school adjustment, we interviewed six early entrance gifted students of the science academy and two gifted students preparing for their early entrance with a semi-structured questions. Using the grounded theory, a paradigm model was organized and a core category was abstracted through the open, axial, and selective coding. Based on the open coding analysis, 75 concepts, 21 sub-categories, and 10 categories were derived. In the axial coding, the paradigm model was organized by the link between 10 categories derived from open coding. Through the selective coding, this study discovered the core category about early entrance student's school adjustment was overcoming difficulties by using academic, social, and emotional strategy for school adjustment. Through this, we understand the school adjustment process of the students of early entrance to science academy for the gifted.

This research is an investigation of difficulties encountered by authors of 5th and 6th grade science textbooks. The aim is to assist authors in creating more easily understandable textbooks in the future. In-depth interviews were conducted with 6 teachers who have previously taken part in the development of 5th and 6th grade texts. The responses given during these interviews were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding as suggested by Strauss and Corbin (1998). The results are as follows: In open coding, related concepts were extracted and classified into 15 main categories and 46 sub-categories. In axial coding, the main categories were arranged into causal conditions, main phenomenon, context, intervening conditions, action and interactional strategies, and consequences wherein they were consistently related to each other based on Grounded theory. Finally, in selective coding, core categories were instilled whereby the texts being developed were categorized into conservative, progressive, and innovative to allow for easier interpretation. This was done to improve the overall quality of Science textbooks.

Moderating students in the campus organizations is one of the significant faculty tasks being designated to manage student organizations. This study aims to establish a theory that explains how advising or moderating students in campus organizations is being done. This study utilized the Qualitative Grounded Theory approach using an in-depth interview with the seven participants, of which three are campus advisers, and four are student leaders. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and initial analysis was done to identify initial categories. The analysis of this research study consists of three phases- open, axial, and selective coding. In the open coding, the researcher examined the text for salient categories that emerged. Using constant comparative analysis, the researcher attempted to saturate the categories to identify the central or the core phenomenon. Facilitative mentorship emerged as the core category which characterized the mentoring of campus advisers. The researcher then engaged in axial coding in which the database was reviewed and collected new data to provide more substantial insights into specific coding categories that further explained the core category in which four categories emerged, namely Empowering and Enabling, Interactive and Open Communication, support, and affirmation and their guiding presence.

Designing a Desirable Authentic Leadership Model for Principals

The present situation of solid geometry in the high school, and current tendencies with respect to it, are discussed in a number of articles in the 1930 Year Book of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. W. D. Reeve of the Teachers College in Columbia University says in an article entitled "The Teaching of Geometry" : "The pressure upon the curriculum, the new subjects that are clamoring for a place in the sun, and the demands that We break with tradition — all these problems have caused educators to question the extent to which geometry should be carried. The wisdom of teaching solid geometry in particular has been seriously questioned. In fact solid geometry as a separate half-year course is rapidly becoming passé in our schools. It is not even required for entrance in some of our engineering schools and colleges, as, for example, the following statement shows":

Based on the Grounded Theory, this study aims to establish new paradigm of Slowcity ‘Sangju Style’ by analyzing the process on the change of Sangju Local Residents’ recognition. For This, it interviewed the total of 20 Sangju Local Residents. Interview data was analyzed through Open coding, Axial coding and Selective coding of the Grounded Theory. Especially, Axial coding was conducted through the paradigm model of the Grounded Theory. And then core category and story line of Selective coding were derived. Interview data was finally drawn out into 76 concepts, 21 sub-categories and 7 upper-categories through Open coding process. The above mentioned concepts and categories through Open coding were reorganized into 6 axes through Axial coding. And finally Consequence with identity formation for region, Axial coding task was progressed on classification of initial Open coding data. And then a Paradigm Model with Central phenomenon connecting sub-categories and upper-categories was derived. Previous study on the Indentity of Slowcity was limited to hypothesis testing(Deductive research), this study on the Change of Identity and Formation process of Local Residents is significant that the first study using Qualitative research method(Inductive research) was conducted. It is thought that the results of the Change of Local Identity within Sangju Local Residents formed by Slowcity can be usefully used for policy-making with Establishment of Slowcity Policy in Sangju City. Ultimately, the following important implications have been drawn from this study. The Local Residents’ well-established Formation of Local Identity in Slowcity Sangju which can turn into a global city to welcome outsiders has been confirmed.

Van Hiele's thinking level has an important role in understanding, interpreting, and determining the geometric thinking ability. However, the lack of technological products that can support Van Hiele's improvement in thinking level is a challenge in itself. One of the tools that can help prospective teacher students to reach Van Hiele's level of thinking is Augmented Reality technology. Therefore, this study aims to investigate Van Hiele's level of thinking through the intervention of Augmented Reality Digital Module Instruction (ADMI) using grounded theory design. The participants involved in this study were one lecturer and ten prospective teacher students who experienced difficulties in improving the level of Van Hiele geometric thinking. The data collected through observation, tests, and interviews are analyzed qualitatively through the stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. These research found that students who had difficulties in carrying out the first level of Van Hiele could use ADMI to overcome these difficulties; students can construct knowledge about 3D geometry; the success of students in completing the geometry test involves reasoning. This study emphasize that ADMI contributes to geometry learning because it can make it easier for students to reach the lowest level of Van Hiele.

The use of manipulatives to teach mathematics is often prescribed as an efficacious teaching strategy. To examine the empirical evidence regarding the use of manipulatives during mathematics instruction, we conducted a systematic search of the literature. This search identified 55 studies that compared instruction with manipulatives to a control condition where math instruction was provided with only abstract math symbols. The sample of studies included students from kindergarten to college level (N = 7,237). Statistically significant results were identified with small to moderate effect sizes, as measured by Cohen's d, in favor of the use of manipulatives when compared with instruction that only used abstract math symbols. However, the relationship between teaching mathematics with concrete manipulatives and student learning was moderated by both instructional and methodological characteristics of the studies. Additionally, separate analyses conducted for specific learning outcomes of retention (k = 53, N = 7,140), problem solving (k = 9, N = 477), transfer (k = 13, N = 3,453), and justification (k = 2, N = 109) revealed moderate to large effects on retention and small effects on problem solving, transfer, and justification in favor of using manipulatives over abstract math symbols.

Barefoot walking is currently a craze in South Korean communities. In particular, the elderly are participating in barefoot walking (earthing) to improve their physical and mental health due to their increasing desire for a healthy life. The purpose of this study was to analyze causes, processes, and consequences of the barefoot walking craze among the elderly in Korean society. The research method used was the grounded theory method. Thirty-five elderly people participating in barefoot walking were selected as participants. Data were analyzed according to open coding, axial coding, and selective coding proposed by Strauss and Corbin. First, an open coding phase yielded 61 concepts, 18 subcategories, and 7 categories through continuous questioning and comparative analysis. Second, in the axial coding stage, causal, contextual, and mediating conditions, action/interaction strategies, and consequences were presented, centering on the phenomenon. Causal conditions and contextual conditions contributing to the phenomenon of barefoot walking were identified as “motivation to participate” and “barefoot walking environment”, respectively. “Participating in barefoot walking” was identified as a phenomenon in the axial coding paradigm. The intervening condition was analyzed as “information about barefoot walking”. The action/interaction strategy was analyzed as “spreading the value of barefoot walking”. In the axial coding paradigm, consequences that emerged through the action/interaction strategy were “restoring physical and mental health” and “community spread and nuisance”. Third, in the selective coding stage, “barefoot walking as a daily routine” was derived as the core category, and the narrative outline was presented. To create a sustainable barefoot walking environment in Korea, it is necessary to have a healthy civic consciousness that coexists and harmonizes with nature.

This study explored the effect of video-based pedagogy on students’ spatial ability in solid geometry, in the Birim Central Municipality of Ghana. A mixed methods concurrent triangulation research design was employed. The same treatment and methodologies were used on two intact classes (n=43 and n=39 respectively) of the two study schools. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the questionnaire data, whereas data reduction technique and content analysis were used to analyse the interview reports and written test scripts data. The two separate data sets produced similar results, with the qualitative results confirming the quantitative results. The findings reveal that video-based pedagogy significantly promotes students’ 2D and 3D spatial ability, and fosters students-centered learning in solid geometry. The results also provide evidence and recommendations on the significance of video-based pedagogy in improving students’ mathematical understanding at the Senior High School level.

To describe what characterises chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' coping of physical, emotional and social problems before, during and after virtual admission, in interaction with health professionals and relatives. Telemedicine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is gaining ground. However, virtual admission using telemedicine in the patients' home as a replacement of hospital admission has received little attention. Furthermore, little is known about how telemedicine affects chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' coping. Grounded Theory study using semi-structured interviews. The study was a part of The Virtual Hospital study, exploring virtual admission for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. During virtual admission, patients had access to medical equipment consisting of monitoring devices, medication, nebuliser and a touch screen with built-in videoconference system. Nine participants were interviewed after virtual admission. Open coding, axial coding and selective coding, using constant comparative analysis, were conducted. A substantive Grounded Theory was developed, containing the core category - struggling to be in control of life with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - related to four categories: complete powerlessness, dependency, pursuit of regaining autonomy and efforts to remain in control of problems related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Virtual admission supported participants' autonomy. The involvement of health professionals was reduced as participants used the medical equipment to cope with disease-related problems. Participants' coping was closely linked to the presence of the equipment, making it difficult for them to apply their experiences after discharge from virtual admission. Virtual admission may support chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' coping of physical and emotional problems. However, coping experiences made during virtual admission may not be directly applicable outside a telemedical setting. Telemedicine may result in different roles for patients, relatives and health professionals. Clinicians should consider how they can support chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' coping during telemedical interventions, focusing on how to ensure a sustained improvement that patients can benefit from outside the telemedical setting.