GEOMETOC Assessment of the Littoral Environment Using Maritime Unmanned Systems

Capabilities matter. If the European Union (EU) is to live up to its ambition ‘to assume increased responsibilities in the maintenance of international peace and security’ (Council of the EU 2012: 1), then capabilities, especially military capabilities, are vital. The need for reformed and improved armed forces was a fundamental rationale for the launch of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in 1999 and the establishment of the European Defence Agency (EDA) in 2004. The EDA was set up to ‘to support the Member States and the Council in their effort to improve European defence capabilities in the field of crisis management and to sustain the European Security and Defence Policy’ (Council of the EU 2004). This has been a significant challenge. The 27 EU Member States that participate in CSDP and the EDA (Denmark having an opt-out of CSDP) have an impressive array of military capabilities and, combined, spend close to €200 billion on defence annually. Hence, the EU as whole has the potential to be one of the leading military actors on the international stage. Nevertheless, the EU and its Member States have also struggled to overcome a number of significant problems that have prevented them from addressing the capability gaps (shortfalls) that prompted the launch of CSDP in 1999. Therefore, 15 years after the launch of CSDP and ten years since the EDA was established, the EU as a whole is still struggling to avail itself of the military capabilities required to undertake the full range of missions it has set itself and to fulfil its ambition to be a ‘strategic global actor’ and ‘security provider’. What is particularly worrying for the EU is that even with the pressures of deep budget cuts, increasing demand for the deployment of armed forces and the American ‘pivot’ to Asia, there is still only limited evidence of the coordination and cooperation so desired by the EU in the field of military capability development. This chapter will trace and critically analyse the definitions and development of EU military capabilities since CSDP’s launch in 1999 and, in particular, since the establishment of the EDA. It will do so in a three partstructure woven together by (1) the idea of the EU as a military actor; (2) the interests of the Member States; and (3) the institutions that shape CSDP. The first section briefly examines CSDP’s formative phase, 1999-2004, which saw the establishment of the overarching capability framework (the Helsinki Headline Goal) and the launch of the first CSDP operations. The second section, 2004-2009, analyses efforts to consolidate and revitalise EU capability development through the setting up of the EDA, the launch of a new Headline Goal 2010, including EU Battlegroups, and the 2008 French Presidency. The final section, 2009-2014, explores the various capability programmes and projects the EDA has established as well as the tensions between the parallel initiatives of the Treaty of Lisbon (ToL) to enhance capability development through the EDA, and the decentralised moves to enhance capabilities outside the CSDP framework. The principal problem confronting EU military capability development are the tensions between the ideas, interests and institutions working in and across the EU.

Foreword, Hilmar Linnenkamp Introduction, Nikolaos Karampekios & Iraklis Oikonomou PART I: Theorising the European Defence Agency 1. Institutionalist Approaches to Agency Establishment, Helena Ekelund 2. The EDA and the discursive construction of European defence and security, Andre Barrinha 3. Brothers in Arms? The European Arms Industry and the Making of the EDA, Iraklis Oikonomou PART II: The European Defence Agency in Action 4. EU Military Capability Development and the European Defence Agency: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions, Alistair J.K. Shepherd 5. The European Defence Agency and Armaments Collaboration, Katia Vlachos-Dengler 6. The European Defence Agency and the Field of Research and Technology, Anja Dahlmann, Marcel Dickow and Lea Tisserant 7. The EDA and the Integration of the European Defence Market, Aris Georgopoulos PART III: The European Defence Agency, the Nation-state and Beyond 8. France, the UK and the European Defence Agency, Jocelyn Mawdsley 9. Germany's limited leadership in the EDA: international and domestic constraints on defence cooperation, Tom Dyson 10. Organizations at war: The EDA, NATO and the European Commission, Marc R. DeVore PART IV: Broadening of the EU Armaments Policy Agenda 11. The EDA and military capability development: making Pooling and Sharing Work, Laura Chappell and Petar Petrov 12. The EDA and the Development of a European Defence Technological and Industrial Base, Marie-Louise Chagnaud, Christian Molling and Torben Schutz 13. The EDA and Defence Offsets: Tailing after the Commission, Peter Platzgummer 14. The European Defence Agency's Inroads into Space, Frank Slijper Conclusion, Nikolaos Karampekios and Iraklis Oikonomou

The chapter reflects upon the ten years since the establishment of the European Defence Agency (EDA) and analyses its role in the process of European integration in the area of defence procurement. The chapter examines the various initiatives undertaken so far by the EDA in the process of Europeanisation of a policy area that has been linked to core functions of the state and for that reason, based upon a decision making process carried out primarily at national level. Contrary to received wisdom that the EDA’s impact and role has been of limited importance – particularly after the advent of the Defence and Security Procurement Directive 2009/81/EC, proposed by the European Commission and adopted by the Council of the EU and the European Parliament – the chapter argues that the EDA’s contribution in the process of European integration in the field of defence procurement has been especially noteworthy. The chapter submits in particular that the EDA played a crucial role in two ways: First, it demystified and rendered more acceptable the deliberation at the EU level of issues pertaining to the design, rules and policies of defence procurement. Second, by doing so it provided additional political “legitimisation” to the European integration process in this area which led to the enactment of the Defence and Security Procurement Directive. Finally the chapter argues that the EDA must continue its important contribution to the European defence procurement integration and identifies the areas that it may do so.

This chapter discusses the efforts of the European Defence Agency (EDA) to decrease the fragmentation of the European Defence Technological and Industrial base by coordinating offset practices of its member states. It first looks at the increasing use of offsets after the end of the Cold War. Second, it discusses the activities of the I&M Directorate of the EDA that led to the adoption of the Code of Conduct on Offsets by almost all member states and increased the transparency of offset practices in Europe. The third section discusses the introduction of the Defence Procurement Directive by the European Commission (EC), and the EDA's role as a catalyst in the change process that followed. While the EDA was able to increase awareness of offsets' effects on a common defence industrial base, implementation of the Defence Procurement Directive greatly marginalised these efforts. The current situation, which will eventually forbid the use of indirect civil offsets, provides an opportunity for the EDA to better coordinate still-existing defence offsets of member states in the future. But, the EDA has to define for itself a new and preferably stronger position on offsets, one that is not as driven by decisions made within the EC.

In 2010, it will be six years since the establishment of the European Defence Agency (EDA), which seeks to improve defence capabilities of the Member States of the European Union (EU) in crisis management to sustain Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The article describes the EDA Strategic Framework, consisting of four basic strategic documents that correspond with the EDA main tasks in the area of defence capabilities development, research and technology co-operation, armaments co-operation, and the creation of the European Defence Equipment Market (EDEM), while strengthening the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB). Against the background of the EDA Strategic Framework, the article maps the current major EDA projects and identifies the main challenges the EDA will face in the near future.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于GIS的山西省矿产资源规划环境影响评价 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305161092 作者: 作者单位: 南京大学地理信息科学系,南京大学地理信息科学系,中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查工作项目（12120113007500）；江苏师范大学博士学位教师科研支撑项目（11XLR01）. A method of environment assessment of mineral resources planning for shanxi provinces base on GIS Author: Affiliation: Department of Geographical Information Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing,Department of Geographical Information Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing,School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:基于目前我国矿产资源规划编制过程中的环境评价，提出了一种基于GIS（Geographic Information System）技术，实现矿产资源规划环境影响定量评价方法。在对规划区环境现状进行大尺度综合评价的基础上，利用GIS的空间分析功能，有针对性的实现规划区敏感环境保护目标的筛选、环境影响范围的确定和矿产资源开发对环境保护目标影响程度的定量表达。结合山西省矿产资源规划方案，根据山西省各区域资源开发对敏感保护目标的影响特征，在定量计算各区域环境现状综合评价分级的基础上，分别对其生态环境、水环境、地质环境等方面的影响进行评价和预测，结果显示：山西省矿产资源规划空间布局总体合理，不会对敏感环境保护目标造成严重破坏，但部分矿产资源开采区距离保护目标较近，需要在矿产资源规划实施中加以保护。提出的评价方法较好地兼顾矿产资源开发与区域环境保护，可以有效地提高矿产资源规划环境评价结果的准确性和科学性；该方法可以综合地、定量地评价矿产资源规划对不同环境保护目标的影响程度和范围，为矿产资源规划方案的修订提供有价值的参考。 Abstract:With the rapid development of economy in demand for mineral resources, it is becoming more and more important to coordinate the relationship between mineral exploration and environmental protection. To abate the environmental impact on the mineral exploitation, one of the most important means is to assess the environmental impact of mineral resources planning. The ultimate objective of plan environmental impact assessment is to ensure that assessing conclusions and environmental consequences are combined into strategic decision-making process. Planning environmental impact assessment is the only type of strategic environmental assessment that is required to be conducted in plans by Chinese Environmental Impact Assessment Act. Mineral resources planning have just issued in China, and are still on the exploratory stage. Those studies are mainly focused on improving the evaluation system, exploring the evaluation methods and so on. Quantitative analysis of environmental effects and processing of spatial information are the most difficult procedures which have no generalized evaluation approaches at present. The commonly applicable methods falls into several catalogues in previous studies of environmental impact assessment on mineral resources planning. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), multi-objective analysis and expert judgment method are often used to select assessment indicators. Those methods can be applied to identify, forecast, and analyze potential environment impact when mineral resource planning is brought into effect. However, it is difficult to evaluate the impact of the changes of mineral development structure for their deficiencies in processing of the regional spatial information and synthetic analysis of multiple attribute information. The deficient methodologies have become a restriction to the actual impacts evaluation of mineral resources planning.According to the current situation of environment impact assessment for mineral resources planning, this paper proposes the quantitative assessment method for environmental impact of mineral resources planning based on GIS. The present situation of environmental evaluation process in the study area is established firstly, mainly includes: the division of evaluation unit, the establishment of evaluation index and evaluation classification, and the selection of evaluation model. Using the above indicators and models, large scale of quantitative evaluation for the present situation of environment in the study area is presented. Based on the results of the study area mineral resources planning large-scale comprehensive quantitative assessment, the identification and selection of environmental impact factors are introduced, the model and system for environmental assessment is set up in this research. In this paper, taking the environmental assessment of mineral resources planning in Shanxi Province as example, the approach is introduced in detail. Through spatial analysis methods provided by the GIS technology, the environmental impact of mineral resources planning to ecological environment, water environment, geological environment and atmospheric environment are given quantitatively. Based on the results of the environmental assessment of mineral resources planning in Shanxi Province, some valuable suggestions are proposed in this research. The example shows that the GIS are a very efficient and practical method for environmental assessment of mineral resources planning. It cans provide reasonable analysis processes, quantitative and visual results, which makes the environmental assessment more accurate and scientific. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

This paper tracks Greece’s engagement with the European Defence Agency (EDA). Greece has been an EU member state involved in setting up EDA. Indeed, its pro-integration stance on defence matters, at large, and EDA, in particular, can be traced back to its set of external security threats, and its belief that EU institutions and mechanisms can provide a protection layer against these threats. The chairing of important European defence preparatory groups (POLARM) and the Presidency of the Council provided normative agenda-setting procedures to uphold this objective. Significantly, Greece’s positions altered as EDA assumed operational status. Purely external security considerations were coupled with domestic, economic and political considerations, such as the protection of its defence industrial base, and disproving widely-held assumptions about political corruption in relation to defence procurement.

Defence and security research have coexisted at the European Union level since the inception of the European Defence Agency (EDA). The agency was established under a Joint Action of the Council of Ministers on 12 July 2004, “to support the Member States and the Council in their effort to improve European defence capabilities in the field of crisis management and to sustain the European Security and Defence Policy as it stands now and develops in the future”.1 The political decision to create the EDA was taken at the Thessaloniki European Council on 19 and 20 June 2003. Heads of State or Government tasked the Council bodies to undertake the requisite actions, in the course of 2004, to create an intergovernmental agency in the field of defence capabilities development, research, acquisition and armaments. The EDA has been located in Brussels right from the start. It is an intergovernmental EU agency under the Council’s authority within the single institutional framework of the Union. It performs its mission in close cooperation with its participating Member States (pMS) and the European institutional actors.

The European Defence Agency (EDA), thanks to the adoption of a large number of strategic documents and its expertise in the formulation of collaborative projects, has become a crucial player in the European defence field. However, the role of the EDA and the everyday practices of the people that work in and collaborate with the Agency remain to be studied systematically. No empirical studies have been conducted to assess the EDA ‘hybrid’ way of working that includes European, governmental and non-governmental experts. The article argues that the EDA is at the core of an emerging transgovernmental network of European defence experts and professionals, that are able to share best practices, ‘know how’ and develop common norms of communication. This transgovernmental network of experts is generating a process of informal socialization among defence practitioners, it is shaping Member States’ defence planning in research and technology (R&T) activities and, in general, it is legitimizing the role of EDA in the broader EU institutional context.

Challenges in coupling LTER with environmental assessments: An insight from potential and reality of the Chinese Ecological Research Network in servicing environment assessments

This chapter explores Article 45 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), which provides for the establishment of a European Defence Agency (EDA). Article 45(1) TEU lists the tasks of the EDA, which are already outlined in Article 42(3) second subparagraph second sentence TEU. These tasks can be divided into those that aim at identifying military capabilities, objectives, and needs, and those that concern cooperation in armaments. Moreover, in accordance with Article 3 of the Protocol on Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), the EDA has the role of assessing participating MS’ contributions with regard to capabilities. Pursuant to Article 45(2) first sentence TEU, it is for each Member State to decide whether to participate in the EDA. Decisions within the EDA are adopted by the Steering Board, where all participating MS are equally represented and the Commission participates without a voting right.

The European Defence Agency (EDA) works in a policy area traditionally characterised by high diversity among actors regarding basic notions of what level of integration and which principles of interaction in the defence sector are appropriate for the EU, which countries should participate in defence cooperation, and what coordination mechanisms and instruments should be used. In all these dimensions, the EDA has been a flashpoint of institutional logics representing different visions of how various aspects of defence integration in the EU should be organised. There are tensions between the logic of supranational regulation and the logic of intergovernmental networking; between the logic of defence sovereignty and the logic of pooled defence resources; between the Europeanist and the Euro-Atlanticist logic; and finally between the logics of liberalisation and Europeanisation of the defence market. Studying the ways in which the collisions of institutional logics are being accommodated by the EDA can contribute to greater understanding of the emerging political order of European defence.

The European Defence Agency (EDA) has been critical for the shaping of EU armaments policy and, consequently, for the agenda of military research and development (R&D) at the Brussels level. As the Commission initiative on defense research falls directly into the remit of the Agency, the literature has noted the existence of rivalry between the two institutions. This conclusion is also compatible with a reading of the two institutions that emphasizes their different institutional form – supranational versus intergovernmental. Utilizing a historical materialist approach, the chapter attempts – against this consensus over inter-institutional rivalry – to highlight the inner unity of purpose that unites dialectically the EDA and the Commission as far as defense research is concerned. It does so by documenting the record of EDA in the realm of R&D and by integrating this record and the Commission initiative into a single conceptual scheme, emphasizing the unifying role of the goal of supporting the competitive position of the European arms industry.

Agencification in the EU Common Security and Defence Policy: The European Defence Agency

Investigated the environmental assessment from the point of system simulation, the environment assessment system belongs to the discrete event dynamic system. According to the comparison between the environment assessment system and the military command automation system, there are many common grounds in essence. Therefore, in order to solve the problems exist in environmental assessment field nowadays, the relative theories of the military command automation system (C4ISR) were transplanted to environmental assessment field. Finally, based on the information technology and the simulation technology one solution was constructed named Environmental Assessment Automation System-C4ISRE (Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Environmental Assessment). The relative theories of C4ISRE including Discrete Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS), the technology of using Petri Net (PN) to analyze and model the DEDS, Distributed Virtual Reality (DVR), Computer Generated Forces (CGF), Synthetic Natural Environment (SNE), Dynamic Environment Simulation (DSE), Environmental Assessment(EA). The integration of upper contents constructs the theory frame of Informatization Environmental Assessment (IEA?and also makes a stable theoretical base for IEA’s further research.