Abstract
Ascertaining the causes of adaptive radiation is central to understanding how new species arise and come to vary with their resources. The ecological theory posits adaptive radiation via divergent natural selection associated with novel resource use; an alternative suggests character displacement following speciation in allopatry and then secondary contact of reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species. Discriminating between hypotheses, therefore, requires the establishment of a key role for ecological diversification in initiating speciation versus a secondary role in facilitating co-existence. Here, we characterize patterns of genetic variation and postzygotic reproductive isolation for tephritid fruit flies in the Rhagoletis cingulata sibling species group to assess the significance of ecology, geography, and non-adaptive processes for their divergence. Our results support the ecological theory: no evidence for intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation was found between two populations of allopatric species, while nuclear-encoded microsatellites implied strong ecologically based reproductive isolation among sympatric species infesting different host plants. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggested, however, that cytoplasmic-related reproductive isolation may also exist between two geographically isolated populations within R cingulata. Thus, ecology associated with sympatric host shifts and cytoplasmic effects possibly associated with an endosymbiont may be the key initial drivers of the radiation of the R. cingulata group.
Highlights
Adaptive radiation has been defined as “the evolution of ecological diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage” [1]
That while we found no evidence for current gene flow among R. osmanthi, R. chionanthi, R. turpiniae, and R. cingulata, we may have underestimated their divergence times due to genetic exchange occurring during earlier formative stages of the speciation process, slowing their rate of genetic differentiation
It is not clear whether adaptive radiation is most often initiated by ecological speciation or non-ecological speciation followed by character displacement [1,6]
Summary
Adaptive radiation has been defined as “the evolution of ecological diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage” [1]. The ecological theory posits that adaptive radiation is due primarily to divergent natural selection stemming from variation in environmental factors, such as resource availability and competition, that drive phenotypic divergence, population differentiation, and speciation [1]. The ecological theory predicts a chronology in which divergent natural selection and the subsequent adaptation of populations to use new resources and/or to avoid competitors, parasites, or predators, repeatedly and rapidly occurs to generate reproductive isolation (RI) that initiates speciation and creates a diverse clade of taxa
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