Geo-Tracing of Black Pepper Using Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Gas Sensors Array

Abstract

Malaysia, Sarawak state in particular produces superior quality black pepper compared to other producing countries. While Sarawak black pepper deserves higher price in the global market, from year 2015 onwards, its price has been plummeting due to global oversupply of pepper. Physical, chemical and biological profiling of Sarawak pepper is conducted to differentiate Sarawak pepper against adulteration and to justify its higher market price. However, the analysis of pepper was performed using time-consuming, non-portable, expensive and invasive laboratory equipment and methodologies. This paper reports an attempt to develop a black pepper geo-tracing system using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors array. The pneumatic system to contain and purge the sample volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is designed, simulated, fabricated and proven to be contain and purge sample VOCs effectively. A total of 200 black pepper samples from Malaysia and India are sampled using non-invasive method for the MOS gas sensors response and the sensors response are analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA scatter plots shows that Malaysia and India black pepper can be discriminated based on the MOS gas sensor response towards different VOCs composition in the black pepper samples. The PCA result are then used for geo-tracing of a total of 40 samples (20 from Malaysia; 20 from India), which shows an overall accuracy of 92.5%. The geo-tracing system developed performs rapidly with 260–600 s sampling cycle compared to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) equipment which requires at least 30 minutes sampling time, and is portable, cheaper and non-invasive.