Genre, territoire et promotion de la santé communautaire : enjeux théoriques et méthodologiques

Background: It is well established in the literature how exercise prevents chronic diseases. Nevertheless, we still lack knowledge about the ways in which health-related bodily practices might contribute to health promotion. Less is known about pedagogies in public health directed at adult and older-age groups, within non-formal educational settings. Considering a lack of tailored and attractive approaches to health-related bodily practices for adults and older people [Pettigrew et al. 2019. “Encouraging Older People to Engage in Resistance Training: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective.” Ageing & Society 39 (8): 1806–1825; Van Dyck, D., L. Mertens, G. Cardon, K. De Cocker, and I. De Bourdeaudhuij. 2017. “Opinions Toward PhysicalActivity, Sedentary Behavior, and Interventions to Stimulate Active Living During Early Retirement: Qualitative Study in Recently Retired Adults.” Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 25 (2): 277–286], we argue that there is a need to explore pedagogical practices that might further health promotion with this target group. Purpose: Drawing on Antonovsky’s theory of salutogenesis [1996. “The Salutogenic Model as a Theory to Guide Health Promotion.” Health Promotion International 11 (1): 11–18], the purpose of the study was to investigate how health and physical education (HPE) professionals delivered health-related bodily practices for adults and older people in community-based programmes. Data collection and analysis: A qualitative and grounded theory study design was employed. Participants included six HPE professionals, three health centre coordinators and thirty-four adults and older people enrolled in four community-based programmes from Brazil. Condensed fieldwork was adopted to generate data through three-days visits to each programme. Multiple data sources comprised semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation of health-related bodily practices sessions and documents/materials produced by participants. Data were analysed through open, axial and selective coding, using the constant comparative method [Charmaz 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Book. Vol. 10. London: Sage Publications]. Findings: Three themes were generated to explain the ways HPE professionals worked with adults and older people in health promotion: adopting a holistic view of health, serving as a health resource and nurturing further health resources. These practices included caring attitudes, such as listening carefully to adults and older people, showing attentiveness and responsiveness to them. Moreover, a key finding indicated that the HPE professionals served in their pedagogical practices as health resources, which the adults and older people learned to draw on to cope with life situations and experience health development. Conclusion: The HPE professionals in the four programmes demonstrated they were capable of moving beyond a solely biomedical approach to health and focus on the salutary factors that enable health promotion through the development of a combination of pedagogical practices that were consistent with salutogenesis.

The Corona Virus pandemic has evolved and continues to be a very serious emergency across the globe. It is observed that many people do not take the prevention of this disease seriously, thus this study focused on the influence of demographic factors, corona virus awareness, and perception on social and health-related preventive practices of secondary school adolescents in Ibadan south west Local Government Area in Oyo state, Nigeria. The survey was conducted on one hundred and sixty (160) adolescents selected from four (4) private and four (public) secondary schools in Ibadan southwest LGA using a two-stage random sampling procedure. The instrument for data collection is a questionnaire titled Awareness, Perception and Adolescents’ Social and Health- Related Preventive Practices of Corona virus (APSHRPCV). It was used to obtain information on demographic factors, awareness (R=0.86), perception (R=0.84) and social and health-related preventive practices (R=0.83). Data was analysed using descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson moment correlation and regression analysis). The result revealed low level of adolescents’ Covid-19 social and health-related preventive practices. It was observed that relationship between their awareness and perception of COVID-19 is a positive low relationship. Also it was revealed that awareness and perception can predict adolescents’ social and health-related preventive practices. It is, therefore, recommended that the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) put in place more campaigns through adolescents’ friendly social media to increase their awareness and perception, since positive awareness and perception is found to enhance adolescents’ Covid-19 social and health-related preventive practices.

Social practice theory and the study of how we drink.

Within the UK, health promotion work with men is well established with examples now dating back for over twenty years. Ten years ago, Robertson1 wrote a review of the state of health promotion services for men in the UK. However, much has changed in policy and practice since this time. This brief paper therefore provides a periodic review of how such services have developed and progressed in the last ten years. The reasons for these developments are explored before consideration is given to what current challenges remain in health promotion work with men. The paper suggests that, despite innovative changes in practice, and a policy agenda that facilitates more holistic approaches, there is little change in men's health related practices and subsequent health outcomes. The reasons for this are considered, as are the opportunities that currently exist to help improve future health promotion services for men.

Immigrants in high-income countries experience disproportionately high rates of oral diseases compared to the general population. Existing research largely focuses on biomedical models, individual behaviours or cultural factors providing limited insights into how everyday practices shape oral health outcomes. This study explored how oral health social practices were performed, sustained and/or modified within Indian immigrant families with young children in Australia. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 17 participants (12 mothers, 5 service providers), using focused ethnography and a social practice theory lens (based on Shove et al.), beginning with inductive coding followed by deductive coding to identify practices and their elements. Social practices such as teeth cleaning/brushing, mouth rinsing, flossing, tongue cleaning and mouth wiping, along with feeding/eating and health advice seeking, along with their elements (meanings, materials and competences) were identified as shaped by intergenerational knowledge of hygiene and care, children wanting to fit in, acculturation and protecting cultural identity. By exploring social practices, and their elements this research offers a new way to engage families into focusing on their everyday routines to understand what supports or undermines performances of oral health related practices rather than solely focusing on persuading individuals to follow recommended behaviours.

While the Consortium on 'Community Health Promotion' is suggesting a definition of this new concept to qualify health practices, this article questions the relevance of introducing such a concept since no one has yet succeeded in really differentiating the three existing processes: public health, community health, and health promotion. Based on a literature review and an analysis of the range of practices, these three concepts can be distinguished in terms of their processes and their goals. Public health and community health share a common objective, to improve the health of the population. In order to achieve this objective, public health uses a technocratic process whereas community health uses a participatory one. Health promotion, on the other hand, aims to reduce social inequalities in health through an empowerment process. However, this is only a theoretical definition since, in practice, health promotion professionals tend to easily forget this objective. Three arguments should incite health promoters to become the leading voices in the fight against social inequalities in health. The first two arguments are based on the ineffectiveness of the approaches that characterize public health and community health, which focus on the health system and health education, to reduce social inequalities in health. The third argument in favour of health promotion is more political in nature because there is not sufficient evidence of its effectiveness since the work in this area is relatively recent. Those responsible for health promotion must engage in planning to reduce social inequalities in health and must ensure they have the means to assess the effectiveness of any actions taken.

Despite being a recurrent theme in day-to-day life, health promotion is a complex and multifaceted concept. The purpose of this article i s to highlight some of the dilemmas and problematic aspects of institutional ideas about he alth promotion. It also emphasizes the difficulty of thinking about health promotion, without also co nsidering how to eradicate the deep social iniquities of the Brazilian context. The article de velops this line of thinking in depth by analysing the National Health Promotion Policy instituted in 2006, and demonstrates the relevance of deconstructing politically correct discourses and d eveloping processes of reflection in our healthrelated practices.

A prospective study of stage of change for general health promotion action and health-related lifestyle practices among Chinese adults

Ethics of Health Promotion

Action by individuals to acquire information about their health has been an element incorporated throughout theory, research, and programs related to health promotion. This report describes an attempt to determine if an information-seeking dimension could be empirically identified in a general community-resident sample, and if so, to examine some of its characteristics. A total of 281 adults aged 18-75 were contacted by telephone using random digit dialing and were interviewed about a variety of personal health practices. Factor analysis identified a five-item cluster representing a tendency to seek out information about health. Women were more likely than men to report seeking information. In addition, more frequent information-seeking was associated with favorable responses to several other health-related practices. Formal health service use was the only type of health practice not associated with information-seeking, perhaps because regularity of contact is influenced strongly by health professionals (e.g., reminder cards and having staff call to schedule annual exams). Overall, results of the investigation support the importance of information-seeking as a component of a personal health practice repertoire. Additional attention might be directed toward elaborating its role as a "process" variable in health education programs and social marketing efforts, particularly in areas such as response to recruitment messages, dropout vs. maintenance, and differential gains on outcome measures of program effectiveness.

A pre-school offering a full-day-care service provides for children aged 0-5 years for more than 4 h/d. Researchers have called for studies that will provide an understanding of nutrition and physical activity practices in this setting. Obesity prevention in pre-schools, through the development of healthy associations with food and health-related practices, has been advocated. While guidelines for the promotion of best nutrition and health-related practice in the early years' setting exist in a number of jurisdictions, associated regulations have been noted to be poor, with the environment of the child-care facility mainly evaluated for safety. Much cross-sectional research outlines poor nutrition and physical activity practice in this setting. However, there are few published environmental and policy-level interventions targeting the child-care provider with, to our knowledge, no evidence of such interventions in Ireland. The aim of the present paper is to review international guidelines and recommendations relating to health promotion best practice in the pre-school setting: service and resource provision; food service and food availability; and the role and involvement of parents in pre-schools. Intervention programmes and assessment tools available to measure such practice are outlined; and insight is provided into an intervention scheme, formulated from available best practice, that was introduced into the Irish full-day-care pre-school setting.

Understanding the conditions under which families try to influence members' health-related practices can provide information to build concepts adding to models of health promotion. This paper reports on an exploratory qualitative study examining the influences of intergenerational relationships in shaping beliefs, knowledge and practices about health and illness in a regional Australian city. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 adults with family members of other generations living in the city, all of whom had experience of asthma. We found that overall people's experience of health and illness, particularly in childhood, was taken for granted and not reflected upon. It was in the face of serious illness or death of a family member that objective knowledge about health and illness was sought and integrated within the family leading, in most cases, to significant lifestyle changes or 'doing things differently'. We drew on Bourdieu's concept of the three forms of theoretical knowledge in analysing our findings. We found the concept of knowledge as 'primary taken-for-granted experience', and the concept of praxeological knowledge as the knowledge created by the dialectical relationships between an individual subject and objectives structures were helpful. To influence individual health practices, we need to acknowledge how the family context confirms the taken-for-granted health practices of an individual and the family circumstances that might lead families to seek objective knowledge and make lifestyle changes to promote health.

To evaluate the impact on nutrition- and health-related practice of two methods of delivery of a nutrition and health intervention in Irish full-day-care pre-schools: training of pre-school managers only or training of managers and their staff. A simple randomised study with pre-schools divided into two training groups: 'manager trained' and 'manager and staff trained'. Direct observational data--food and fluid provision, physical activity, outdoor time, staff practices and availability of nutrition and health resources--were recorded during one full day spent in each pre-school both pre- and post-intervention, using a specifically developed and validated Pre-school Health Promotion Activity Scored Evaluation Form. Post-intervention, self-assessment data were also collected using the same evaluation tool. Pre-schools, Midlands of Ireland. A convenience sample of forty-two pre-schools registered with the Irish Health Service Executive. From pre- to post-intervention, significant improvement (P < 0.05) in nutrition- and health-related practice was observed within both intervention delivery groups in all areas evaluated: environment, food service, meals and snacks. No additional effect attributable to staff training was observed. Scores assigned by direct independent observation were lower than pre-school self-assessment scores. The implementation of a training intervention in pre-schools significantly improved practice with no significant benefit of additional staff training. Direct independent observation is required to quantify practice accurately.

Ethical conduct plays a vital role in ensuring that issues such as health inequities are addressed. The Interactive Domain Model (IDM), a comprehensive best practices approach, provides a guiding framework to integrate ethics into health-related practice. Its five tenets emphasize the importance of developing multiple best practices to ensure sensitivity to local circumstances; taking into account the complex and interactive nature of the world; ensuring consistency between practice and key elements such as values, theories, evidence, and understanding the environment; engaging in ongoing critical reflection; and following a continuous improvement practice cycle with active participation from priority populations. Ethical implications for each tenet and ways to meet the challenges related to acting ethically are discussed.

Infectious diseases pose major public health challenges worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where their impact is more severe. This article presents a participatory social diagnosis to analyze the determinants of health-related social practices associated with infectious diseases (malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis) among Indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities in Pueblo Rico, Colombia. We explore how social determinants, attitudes, and knowledge influence health-related practices. Our findings show that each disease is shaped by a different dominant factor: malaria by structural conditions, leishmaniasis by attitudes, and tuberculosis by limited knowledge, while all are affected by distrust in the health system and low awareness of self-care. We argue that health practices are complex, historically structured social practices, so their change requires a long-term holistic health approach. Through this research, we seek to understand health practices related to infectious diseases and to inform the design of more effective and culturally grounded interventions.