Abstract
BackgroundIn recent years, the genus Pestalotiopsis is receiving increasing attention, not only because of its economic impact as a plant pathogen but also as a commonly isolated endophyte which is an important source of bioactive natural products. Pestalotiopsis fici Steyaert W106-1/CGMCC3.15140 as an endophyte of tea produces numerous novel secondary metabolites, including chloropupukeananin, a derivative of chlorinated pupukeanane that is first discovered in fungi. Some of them might be important as the drug leads for future pharmaceutics.ResultsHere, we report the genome sequence of the endophytic fungus of tea Pestalotiopsis fici W106-1/CGMCC3.15140. The abundant carbohydrate-active enzymes especially significantly expanding pectinases allow the fungus to utilize the limited intercellular nutrients within the host plants, suggesting adaptation of the fungus to endophytic lifestyle. The P. fici genome encodes a rich set of secondary metabolite synthesis genes, including 27 polyketide synthases (PKSs), 12 non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), five dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases, four putative PKS-like enzymes, 15 putative NRPS-like enzymes, 15 terpenoid synthases, seven terpenoid cyclases, seven fatty-acid synthases, and five hybrids of PKS-NRPS. The majority of these core enzymes distributed into 74 secondary metabolite clusters. The putative Diels-Alderase genes have undergone expansion.ConclusionThe significant expansion of pectinase encoding genes provides essential insight in the life strategy of endophytes, and richness of gene clusters for secondary metabolites reveals high potential of natural products of endophytic fungi.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-014-1190-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
In recent years, the genus Pestalotiopsis is receiving increasing attention, because of its economic impact as a plant pathogen and as a commonly isolated endophyte which is an important source of bioactive natural products
Tea branch colonization by Pestalotiopsis fici P. fici was isolated as endophyte from the tea plant, the detailed knowledge about fungal colonization strategy is unknown
RIPCAL analysis showed index values of 0.35 for (CpA+TpG)/TpA and 0.42 for (CpT+ApG)/(TpT+ApA), which suggested heavy repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in the P. fici genome and that the RIP mutation was a classical pattern of CpA→TpA (Additional file 1: Figure S3)
Summary
The genus Pestalotiopsis is receiving increasing attention, because of its economic impact as a plant pathogen and as a commonly isolated endophyte which is an important source of bioactive natural products. Endophytic fungi have been isolated from almost all plants studied so far. They confer abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, increase biomass, and decrease water consumption of the host plant [2]. In recent years, they have been received increasing attention from natural product. The chemical investigations showed that Pestalotiopsis spp. are important resource for natural product discovery [14,15]
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