Abstract
Sulfate transporters (SULTRs), also known as H+/SO42− symporters, play a key role in sulfate transport, plant growth and stress responses. However, the evolutionary relationships and functional differentiation of SULTRs in Gramineae crops are rarely reported. Here, 111 SULTRs were retrieved from the genomes of 10 Gramineae species, including Brachypodium disachyon, Hordeum vulgare, Setaria italica, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays, Oryza barthii, Oryza rufipogon, Oryza glabbermia and Oryza sativa (Oryza sativa ssp. indica and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica). The SULTRs were clustered into five clades based on a phylogenetic analysis. Syntheny analysis indicates that whole-genome duplication/segmental duplication and tandem duplication events were essential in the SULTRs family expansion. We further found that different clades and orthologous groups of SULTRs were under a strong purifying selective force. Expression analysis showed that rice SULTRs with high-affinity transporters are associated with the functions of sulfate uptake and transport during rice seedling development. Furthermore, using Oryza sativa ssp. indica as a model species, we found that OsiSULTR10 was significantly upregulated under salt stress, while OsiSULTR3 and OsiSULTR12 showed remarkable upregulation under high temperature, low-selenium and drought stresses. OsiSULTR3 and OsiSULTR9 were upregulated under both low-selenium and high-selenium stresses. This study illustrates the expression and evolutionary patterns of the SULTRs family in Gramineae species, which will facilitate further studies of SULTR in other Gramineae species.
Highlights
Sulfur is the least abundant macronutrient and plays an essential role in plant growth and response to various stresses [1,2]
We identified 11, 10, 11, 11, 10, 12, 10, 11, 13 and 12 Sulfate transporters (SULTRs) in O. barthii (Ob), B. distachyon (Bd), O. glabbermia (Og), H. vulgare (Hv), O. rufipogon (Or), S. italica (Si), S. bicolor (Sb), Z. mays (Zm), O. sativa ssp. japonica (Osj, Nipponbare) and O. sativa ssp. indica (Osi, R498), respectively
Osi and Si had a higher number of SULTRs than Hv, Bd, Zm, Ob, Og and Or
Summary
Sulfur is the least abundant macronutrient and plays an essential role in plant growth and response to various stresses [1,2]. Sulfur is predominantly acquired from the soil in the form of anionic sulfate (SO42−) mediated by plasma membrane-localized H+/SO42− co-transport process [3,4,5]. Various transporters, including the plasma membrane sulfate transporter, ATP-dependent sulfate and thiosulfate transporter, have evolved in plants for transportation of the sulfate [6]. These transporters are responsible for the absorption and transport of the anionic sulfate, which is associated with plant yield, stress responses and environmental adaption [7,8]. SULTRs have been reported to be involved in sulfate transport and are well studied in Arabidopsis thaliana [10].
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