Abstract
Among the genus Actinidia, Actinidia arguta possesses the strongest cold resistance and produces fresh fruit with an intense flavor. To investigate genomic variation that may contribute to variation in phenotypic traits, we performed whole-genome re-sequencing of four A. arguta genotypes originating from different regions in China and identified the polymorphisms using InDel markers. In total, 4,710,650, 4,787,750, 4,646,026, and 4,590,616 SNPs and 1,481,002, 1,534,198, 1,471,304, and 1,425,393 InDels were detected in the ‘Ruby-3’, ‘Yongfeng male’, ‘Kuilv male’, and ‘Hongbei male’ genomes, respectively, compared with the reference genome sequence of cv ‘Hongyang’. A subset of 120 InDels were selected for re-sequencing validation. Additionally, genes related to non-synonymous SNPs and InDels in coding domain sequences were screened for functional analysis. The analysis of GO and KEGG showed that genes involved in cellular responses to water deprivation, sucrose transport, decreased oxygen levels and plant hormone signal transduction were significantly enriched in A. arguta. The results of this study provide insight into the genomic variation of kiwifruit and can inform future research on molecular breeding to improve cold resistance in kiwifruit.
Highlights
The genus Actinidia includes 52 species and 21 varieties
According to the REL curve (Fig 2), A. arguta and A. chinensis showed an obvious difference at -25 ̊C; the REL was approximately 60% for cv ‘Hongyang’, and it was approximately 40%-50% for the A. arguta genotypes, indicating that the shoots of A. arguta are more cold resistant than those of A. chinensis ‘Hongyang’ when the temperature is decreased to -25 ̊C
The LT50 values follow the order ‘Yongfeng male’ > ‘Kuilv male’ > ‘Ruby-3’ > ‘Hongbei male’ > ‘Hongyang’. These results indicate that the LT50 value of A. arguta is higher in North China than that in Central China, and A. arguta exhibits greater cold resistance than A. chinensis
Summary
The genus Actinidia includes 52 species and 21 varieties. Species complex consists of large-fruited varieties, such as cv ‘Hongyang’, that are grown commercially but typically exhibit poor cold resistance. Actinidia arguta, which is the second-most widely cultivated Actinidia species worldwide, is resistant to cold [1,2,3]. A. arguta is the most widespread among all Actinidia species and is naturally distributed throughout most of China from the Changbai Mountains in northeast China (latitude 22 ̊N) to the Dawei Mountains in southwest China (latitude 47 ̊N) [4, 5]. A. arguta exhibits high nutritional value and hairless, edible skin, representing an excellent germplasm for breeding improvement.
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