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Abstract
HSP70s play crucial roles in plant growth and development, as well as in stress response. Knowledge of the distribution and heat response of HSP70s is important to understand heat adaptation and facilitate thermotolerance improvement in wheat. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the distribution of HSP70s in hexaploid wheat (TaHSP70s) and its relatives, and we found an obvious expansion of TaHSP70s in the D genome of hexaploid wheat. Meanwhile, a large portion of tandem duplication events occurred in hexaploid wheat. Among the 84 identified TaHSP70s, more than 64% were present as homeologs. The expression profiles of TaHSP70s in triads tended to be expressed more in non-stressful and heat stress conditions. Intriguingly, many TaHSP70s were especially heat responsive. Tandem duplicated TaHSP70s also participated in heat response and growth development. Further HSE analysis revealed divergent distribution of HSEs in the promoter regions of TaHSP70 homeologs, which suggested a distinct heat regulatory mechanism. Our results indicated that the heat response of TaHSP70s may experience a different regulation, and this regulation, together with the expression of tandem duplicated TaHSP70s, may help hexaploid wheat to adapt to heat conditions.
Highlights
Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a worldwide staple food crop
We comprehensively analyzed the distribution of HSP70s in hexaploid wheat and its relatives and revealed subfamily-specific expansion in the D subgenome due to tandem duplication events
Using sequence search and motif analysis, totals of 20, 24, 56, 49, and 84 HSP70s were characterized in T. urartu, Ae. tauschii, wild emmer wheat, durum wheat, and hexaploid wheat, respectively
Summary
Due to global warming and more frequent extreme high temperature disasters, heat stress has become a major limiting factor that can significantly constrain wheat yield and quality [1,2]. 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70s) are essential molecular chaperones that function in protein quality control and play a crucial role in regulating heat responsive genes during plant heat response [9–13]. Heat shock transcription factor A1s, the important regulator of plant heat response, is tightly regulated by the HSP70s/HSP90s complex [14,15]. Many proteins including other HSPs (e.g., HSP100s and small HSPs) have been identified as the substrates or cooperators of HSP70s in mediating plant heat response [9,12,13,16]. Plant heat tolerance is thought to be mainly dependent on HSP70s, possibly due to their master role in plant protein homeostasis [17,18]
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