Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin virulence factor that promotes growth of the Fusarium graminearum fungus in wheat floral tissues. To further our understanding of the effects of DON exposure on plant cell function, we characterized DON-induced transcriptional changes in wheat spikelets. Four hundred wheat genes were differentially expressed during infection with wild-type F. graminearum as compared with a Δtri5 mutant strain that is unable to produce DON. Most of these genes were more induced by the DON-producing strain and included genes involved in secondary metabolism, signaling, transport, and stress responses. DON induction was confirmed for a subset of the genes, including TaNFXL1, by treating tissues with DON directly. Previous work indicates that the NFXL1 ortholog represses trichothecene-induced defense responses and bacterial resistance in Arabidopsis, but the role of the NFXL family has not been studied in wheat. We observed greater DON-induced TaNFXL1 gene expression in a susceptible wheat genotype relative to the F. graminearum-resistant genotype Wuhan 1. Functional testing using both virus-induced gene silencing and CRISPR-mediated genome editing indicated that TaNFXL1 represses F. graminearum resistance. Together, this suggests that targeting the TaNFXL1 gene may help to develop disease resistance in cultivated wheat.
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