Geneza, aktualne uwarunkowania i konsekwencje sfeminizowania usług edukacyjnych

The 1960s myth that good vocational counseling means successful youth entry into employment is back in favor and imposing itself on educational policy as an absolute priority during this period of high unemployment. But implementation of these youth career planning and employment policies has largely been delegated to local-level authorities, where interventions now take the form of reticular projects.This is the context in which we test the hypothesis of a crisis in the work of actors providing youth vocational counseling, program coordinators of various ranks, psychological counselors, and referent teachers working with students.The methodology for the main study is based on interviews with a range of professionals. A supplementary study analyzed the content of articles in “L’echo des régions”, the magazine of the Association of the Regions of France, from 2010 to 2015.One finding to emerge from these observations is that the educational system internalizes concerns connected with job openings in occupations, while actors focused on post-scholastic job placement request more general education. This role inversion highlights the main contradictions running through youth vocational guidance. All actors attest to the limitations thwarting their voluntarism as well as to the dilemmas they face. Among the identified obstacles are the individualization of vocational paths and the emergence of case-by-case counseling, the application of the principle of equality to competing strategies, the disorganization of institutions allocated declining financial resources, conflicts of interest in partnerships, devalued courses of study, and insecure jobs. We also observed that the proffered arguments propose handling youth career counseling and entry into employment according to an “emergency response” model. In such a landscape devoid of egalitarian prospects, it nonetheless emerges that the path toward the equality of girls with boys is more open. At the same time, an opposing gender logic appears in the distribution of professional tasks, with particular consequences for women and especially female teachers.

The menstrual cycle is often conceptualized in the biomedical literature as a unidimensional, biological, and pathological aspect of women’s bodies and health. Feminist social science scholars recognize that the biological event of menstruation is experienced and perceived within a broader sociocultural context. The authors of articles in this special issue address the myriad ways menstruation is positioned within this social context, and the consequences for women’s well-being, cognitive functioning, health, sexuality, and social status. Authors examine menstruation as a social stigma, the positioning of menstruation in popular culture, contextual factors relevant to menstruation across the lifespan, the ways women negotiate menstruation in their lives, and the role of women’s social location in shaping their attitudes toward and experiences with menstruation. Implications for future research, education, activism, and clinical intervention are considered.

It is a long history of theoretical interest in understanding the genetic causes and consequences of shifts between outcrossing and inbreeding in plant mating systems. Selfincompatibility (SI) systems genetically promote outcrossing, and its transitions to inbreeding potentially changes genetic diversity in the evolution of species. SI in the Brassicaceae family is sporophytically controlled by a single locus (S-locus), which locates the female determinant gene SRK (S-locus receptor kinase) and the male determinant gene SCR (S-locus cysteine rich). Operation of diversifying selection maintains the diversity of SRK and SCR during the evolutionary course of S haplotypes. Here we used deduced amino acid sequences of SRK and/or SCR publicly available from seven species in three genera, Brassica, Arabidopsis and Raphanus, to investigate the sequence diversification and phylogenetic distribution of S haplotypes in the Brassicaceae family. The results reveal that SCR shows higher sequence distance than SRK within or between genera, and also in the interspecific pairs of S haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis supports the conclusion that SI has a single origin but evolves differently within the Brassicaceae. The genetic mechanisms and consequences of the loss of SI in the Brassicaceae family are discussed.

The genetic consequences of inbreeding is a subject that has received thorough theoretical attention and has been of interest to empirical biologists since the time of Darwin. Particularly for species with genetically controlled mechanisms to promote outcrossing (self-incompatibility or SI systems), it is expected that high levels of genetic load should accumulate through sheltering of deleterious recessive mutations. Nevertheless, transitions to selfing are common across angiosperms, which suggests that the potentially negative consequences of reduced heterozygosity and genetic diversity are balanced by other factors, such as reproductive assurance. This mini-review focuses on empirical research in the Brassicaceae to emphasize some of the genetic consequences of shifts to inbreeding in terms of mechanisms for loss of SI, changes in genetic diversity following loss of SI, and inbreeding depression in relation to outcrossing history. Despite the long history of theoretical attention, there are still some surprisingly large gaps in our understanding in each of these areas. Rather than providing a complete overview, examples are drawn predominantly from published and emerging data from Arabidopsis thaliana and its relatives to highlight recent progress and remaining questions. We are currently on the brink of major breakthroughs in understanding due both to advances in sequencing technology and a shift in focus from crop plants to natural populations, where critical factors such as population structure, phylogeography, demographic history, partial compatibility and individual variation can be taken into account when investigating the nature of the selective forces regulating mating system evolution.

Distyly is an iconic floral polymorphism governed by a supergene, which promotes efficient pollen transfer and outcrossing through reciprocal differences in the position of sexual organs in flowers, often coupled with heteromorphic self-incompatibility. Distyly has evolved convergently in multiple flowering plant lineages, but has also broken down repeatedly, often resulting in homostylous, self-compatible populations with elevated rates of self-fertilization. Here, we aimed to study the genetic causes and genomic consequences of the shift to homostyly in Linum trigynum, which is closely related to distylous Linum tenue. Building on a high-quality genome assembly, we show that L. trigynum harbors a genomic region homologous to the dominant haplotype of the distyly supergene conferring long stamens and short styles in L. tenue, suggesting that loss of distyly first occurred in a short-styled individual. In contrast to homostylous Primula and Fagopyrum, L. trigynum harbors no fixed loss-of-function mutations in coding sequences of S-linked distyly candidate genes. Instead, floral gene expression analyses and controlled crosses suggest that mutations downregulating the S-linked LtWDR-44 candidate gene for male self-incompatibility and/or anther height could underlie homostyly and self-compatibility in L. trigynum. Population genomic analyses of 224 whole-genome sequences further demonstrate that L. trigynum is highly self-fertilizing, exhibits significantly lower genetic diversity genome-wide, and is experiencing relaxed purifying selection and less frequent positive selection on nonsynonymous mutations relative to L. tenue. Our analyses shed light on the loss of distyly in L. trigynum, and advance our understanding of a common evolutionary transition in flowering plants.

Introduction: a comparative perspective on work and gender, Jane jenson an overview of the major issues, Margaret Maruani. Part 1 Categorical messages - thinking and rethinking gender relations: introduction - intersections - gender categories in space and time, Jane Jenson time and women's work - historical periodizations, Delphine Gardey where have they been working and what have they been doing? - historical perspectives on working women, Sylvie Schweitzer immigrant women and their daughters - intersections of race, class and gender, Francoise Gaspard the sexual division of labour re-examined, Helena Hirata and Daniele Kergoat resignifying the worker - gender and flexibility, Sylvia Walby. Part 2 Be prepared - education, training and skilling: introduction - variations on women's and men's occupations, marlaine Cacouault a hidden curriculum? - coeducation and gender identity, Annick Durand-Delvigne and Marie Duru-Bellat the social construction of skill, Anne Marie Daune-Richard secretarial work and technological change, Philippe Alonzo and Olivier Liaroutzos the French and German educational models and their consequences for women, Catherine Marry. Part 3 Women's relationship to labour markets - more and more precarious?: introduction - (wo)man-handled by the labour market, Chantal Rogerat the enduring wage gap - a Europe-wode comparison, Rachel Silvera part-time work - challenging the breadwinner gender contract?, Colette Fagan, Jacqueline O'Reilly and Jill Rubery female unemployment in France and the rest of Europe, Annie Gauvin moving towards the American model? - women and unemployment in Great Britain, Ariane Hegewisch when exclusion is socially acceptable, the case of Spain, Teresa Torns: part 4 Public policy - promoting equality or engendering new inequalities?: introduction - public sphere, private sphere - the issue of women's rights, Jacqueline Laufer equality at work - what difference does legislating make?, Marie-Therese Lanquetin European policies promoting more flexible labour forces, Daniele Meulders family policy and the labour market in European welfare states, Jane Lewis France's new service sector and the family, Michel Lallement democracy confronts the new domestic services, Genevieve Fraisse rethinking time - there is more to life than working time, Maria-Carmen Belloni, Jean-Yves Boulin and Annie Junter-Loiseau. Conclusion: the future remains open, Christian Baudelot.

BackgroundResearch on interpersonal violence towards women has commonly focused on individual or proximate-level determinants associated with violent acts ignores the roles of larger structural systems that shape interpersonal violence. Though this research has contributed to an understanding of the prevalence and consequences of violence towards women, it ignores how patterns of violence are connected to social systems and social institutions.MethodsIn this paper, we discuss the findings from a scoping review that examined: 1) how structural and symbolic violence contributes to interpersonal violence against women; and 2) the relationships between the social determinants of health and interpersonal violence against women. We used concept mapping to identify what was reported on the relationships among individual-level characteristics and population-level influence on gender-based violence against women and the consequences for women’s health. Institutional ethics review was not required for this scoping review since there was no involvement or contact with human subjects.ResultsThe different forms of violence—symbolic, structural and interpersonal—are not mutually exclusive, rather they relate to one another as they manifest in the lives of women. Structural violence is marked by deeply unequal access to the determinants of health (e.g., housing, good quality health care, and unemployment), which then create conditions where interpersonal violence can happen and which shape gendered forms of violence for women in vulnerable social positions. Our web of causation illustrates how structural factors can have negative impacts on the social determinants of health and increases the risk for interpersonal violence among women.ConclusionPublic health policy responses to violence against women should move beyond individual-level approaches to violence, to consider how structural and interpersonal level violence and power relations shape the ‘lived experiences’ of violence for women.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0256-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genetic causes and consequences of Brown trout migratory behaviour

393 Apical Recycling Endosome-Associated Myosin Vb Is Mutated in Microvillus Inclusion Disease and Is Involved in Intestinal Brush Border Development

Mental retardation (MR) is a definition which comprises a series of conditions whose common feature is an intellectual handicap that develops before the age of 18, afflicting 2-3% of the world's population. The classification of MR into different categories is determined by the extent of the handicap instead of its cause, which often remains unrecognized. Sometimes, MR runs in a family, characterizing familial MR, and those cases permit an in-depth look into the genetic causes and consequences of the problem. However, almost no work is available on the prevalence of familial MR among the registered MR cases, possibly because familial MR is a term with no clear definition. The scope of this work is to review the topic and discuss the implications of different genetic and environmental factors, which characterize particular categories of familial cases, suggesting a practical classification of familial MR, which is important for epidemiologic studies and also for counseling in the clinic. Some of the aspects are discussed under the perspective of a newly-developed country like Brazil.

Understanding the adaptive functions of increasing brain size have occupied scientists for decades. Here, taking the general perspective of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, the question of how brains change in size will be considered in two developmental frameworks. The first framework will consider the particular developmental mechanisms that control and generate brain mass, concentrating on neurogenesis in a comparative vertebrate context. The consequences of limited adult neurogenesis in mammals, and the dominating role of duration of neurogenesis for mammalian evolution will be discussed for the particular case of the teleost versus mammalian retina, and for paths of brain evolution more generally. The second framework examines brain mass in terms of life history, particularly the features of life history that correlate highly, if imperfectly, with brain mass, including duration of development to adolescence, duration of parental care, body and range size, and longevity. This covariation will be examined in light of current work on genetic causes and consequences of covariation in craniofacial bone groupings. The eventual development of a multivariate structure for understanding brain evolution which specifically integrates formerly separate layers of analysis is the ultimate goal.

394 Intestine Specific Deletion of N-WASP Leads to Alteration of Gut Homeostasis in Mice

Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes at the ends of linear chromosomes. These specialized structures ensure genome integrity and faithful chromosome inheritance. Recurrent addition of repetitive, telomere-specific DNA elements to chromosome ends combats end-attrition, while specialized telomere-associated proteins protect naked, double-stranded chromosome ends from promiscuous repair into end-to-end fusions. Although telomere length homeostasis and end-protection are ubiquitous across eukaryotes, there is sporadic but building evidence that the molecular machinery supporting these essential processes evolves rapidly. Nevertheless, no global analysis of the evolutionary forces that shape these fast-evolving proteins has been performed on any eukaryote. The abundant population and comparative genomic resources of Drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives offer us a unique opportunity to fill this gap. Here we leverage population genetics, molecular evolution, and phylogenomics to define the scope and evolutionary mechanisms driving fast evolution of genes required for telomere integrity. We uncover evidence of pervasive positive selection across multiple evolutionary timescales. We also document prolific expansion, turnover, and expression evolution in gene families founded by telomeric proteins. Motivated by the mutant phenotypes and molecular roles of these fast-evolving genes, we put forward four alternative, but not mutually exclusive, models of intra-genomic conflict that may play out at very termini of eukaryotic chromosomes. Our findings set the stage for investigating both the genetic causes and functional consequences of telomere protein evolution in Drosophila and beyond.

Using whole-genome data for single-nucleotide polymorphism and results from genome-wide association studies, the authors show that people’s preference for pairing with those with similar phenotypic traits has genetic causes and consequences.

Genetic tools are increasingly valuable for understanding the behaviour, evolution, and conservation of social species. In African elephants, for instance, genetic data provide basic information on the population genetic causes and consequences of social behaviour, and how human activities alter elephants' social and genetic structures. As such, African elephants provide a useful case study to understand the relationships between social behaviour and population genetic structure in a conservation framework. Here, we review three areas where genetic methods have made important contributions to elephant behavioural ecology and conservation: (1) understanding kin-based relationships in females and the effects of poaching on the adaptive value of elephant relationships, (2) understanding patterns of paternity in elephants and how poaching can alter these patterns, and (3) conservation genetic tools to census elusive populations, track ivory, and understand the behavioural ecology of crop-raiding. By comparing studies from populations that have experienced a range of poaching intensities, we find that human activities have a large effect on elephant behaviour and genetic structure. Poaching disrupts kin-based association patterns, decreases the quality of elephant social relationships, and increases male reproductive skew, with important consequences for population health and the maintenance of genetic diversity. In addition, we find that genetic tools to census populations or gather forensic information are almost always more accurate than non-genetic alternatives. These results contribute to a growing understanding of poaching on animal behaviour, and how genetic tools can be used to understand and conserve social species.