Abstract
Innovations in the apple tree breeding process are associated with the study of the gene pool, the use of valuable samples for accelerated production of commercially popular domestic varieties. The purpose of the study is to identify the most valuable genotypes of the genus Malus of various origins and ploidy for the accelerated creation of domestic adaptive varieties. Modern programs and methods of breeding and variety study were used. The results of the study (2010–2020) of collection of apple trees samples growing in the conditions of the Prikuban zone of the North Caucasus region are presented. It was found that a significant decrease in yield in 2017 and 2020 in the apple tree crop as a whole (11.69–12.48 t/ha) is due to an increase in the negative complex impact of spring-summer and winter stressors on the plant. Promising samples for industrial research and breeding are identified: Gin, 12/1–21–46, 12/2–20–53, immune to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cook) G. Winter), with increased adaptability to the complex effects of abiostressors in the region, high productivity potential (average yield 26.15–30.05 t/ha, total - 287.65–330.55 t/ha). Selected by large-fruit: Orphey, Gin, 12/1–21–6, 12/2–20–53, 12/1–21–24 (average fruit weight is 200.3–225.5 g) for further use in breeding research and creation of high-quality southern varieties.
Highlights
Innovations in the apple tree breeding process are associated with the study of the gene pool, the use of valuable samples for accelerated production of commercially popular domestic varieties
The results of the study (2010-2020) of collection of apple trees samples growing in the conditions of the Prikuban zone of the North Caucasus region are presented
The method of remote hybridization, especially interspecific hybridization, which is currently most frequently used in the breeding of the most important agricultural perennial plants, including apple trees, is aimed at improving the created sample according to the characteristics of stability and adaptability to abio- and biotic stressors of the environment, which are closely related to the manifestation of increased and stable productivity of the genotype under stressful conditions, as well as at strengthening the qualitative and biochemical composition of fruits [1,2,3,4]
Summary
The method of remote hybridization, especially interspecific hybridization, which is currently most frequently used in the breeding of the most important agricultural perennial plants, including apple trees, is aimed at improving the created sample according to the characteristics of stability and adaptability to abio- and biotic stressors of the environment, which are closely related to the manifestation of increased and stable productivity of the genotype under stressful conditions, as well as at strengthening the qualitative and biochemical composition of fruits [1,2,3,4]. In order to speed up obtaining the most important results for the priority goals of a long and time-consuming breeding process, most of the world's scientists successfully use the entire genetic potential of cultural biodiversity to create the latest improved genotypes of leading fruit plants, including apple trees [1, 3, 810]. In conditions of a serious increase in the negative impact of the environment on the fruit plant, the involvement in the breeding of new material with increased adaptability to abio- and biostressors of the environment, stable fruiting, obtained on the basis of the gene pool of half-culture, wildgrowing, local varieties and forms is a significant biological resource for the successful solution of modern breeding priorities in the future [1, 14,15,16,17]. The purpose of the study is to identify the most valuable genotypes of the genus Malus of various origins and ploidy for the accelerated creation of domestic adaptive varieties
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