Abstract
Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of global mortality. We aimed to determine the effect of coffee drinking and sex and their interaction, as well as rs1800588 and rs1800775 polymorphisms on HDL-C levels in Taiwanese adults. Data of 4262 men and 4813 women, aged 30–70 years, were retrieved from Taiwan Biobank. The interaction between sex and coffee drinking on HDL-C was significant (p = 0.0452). Coffee consumption was significantly associated with higher HDL-C levels in only women (β = 0.81679; p = 0.0246). However, rs1800588 and rs1800775 variants were significantly associated with HDL-C in both sexes. In women, β-values were 0.99080; p = 0.0059 and 3.16277; p < 0.0001 for rs1800588 CT and TT genotypes, respectively and −1.80954; p < 0.0001 and −2.81512; p < 0.0001 for rs1800775 AC and CC genotypes, respectively. In men, β-values were 1.32430; p < 0.0001 and 3.24976; p < 0.0001 for rs1800775 CT and TT genotypes, respectively and −1.96232; p < 0.0001 and −2.71536, p < 0.0001 for the AC and CC genotypes, respectively. In conclusion, coffee drinking was significantly associated with higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in women but not men after adjusting for confounders including rs1800588 (LIPC) and rs1800775 (CETP) variants.
Highlights
IntroductionCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of global mortality [1,2,3]
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of global mortality [1,2,3].High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels play several clinically relevant roles in cardiovascular health
The male sex was significantly associated with lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to the female sex (β = −6.33560; p < 0.001) while coffee drinking was not significantly associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of global mortality [1,2,3]. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels play several clinically relevant roles in cardiovascular health. Lower levels of HDL-C are associated with cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality [1,4,5]. Higher levels protect against atherosclerosis and other CVDs [6,7]. It has been projected that a unit increase in HDL-C is associated with 1.9–2.3% and 3.2% reduction in the risk of CVDs in men and women, respectively [8]. The anti-atherosclerotic property of HDL-C is attributed to its ability to enhance the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway [6,7,9]. RCT is the Nutrients 2019, 11, 1102; doi:10.3390/nu11051102 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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