Abstract
Pierce's disease (PD) caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is a deadly disease of grapevines. This study used 20 SSR markers to genotype 326 accessions of grape species collected from the southeastern and southwestern United States, Mexico and Costa Rica. Two hundred sixty-six of these accessions, and an additional 12 PD resistant hybrid cultivars developed from southeastern US grape species, were evaluated for PD resistance. Disease resistance was evaluated by quantifying the level of bacteria in stems and measuring PD symptoms on the canes and leaves. Both Bayesian clustering and principal coordinate analyses identified two groups with an east-west divide: group 1 consisted of grape species from the southeastern US and Mexico, and group 2 consisted of accessions collected from the southwestern US and Mexico. The Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range appeared to be a phylogeographic barrier. The state of Texas was identified as a potential hybridization zone. The hierarchal STRUCTURE analysis on each group showed clustering of unique grape species. An east-west divide was also observed for PD resistance. With the exception of Vitis candicans and V. cinerea accessions collected from Mexico, all other grape species as well as the resistant southeastern hybrid cultivars were susceptible to the disease. Southwestern US grape accessions from drier desert regions showed stronger resistance to the disease. Strong PD resistance was observed within three distinct genetic clusters of V. arizonica which is adapted to drier environments and hybridizes freely with other species across its wide range.
Highlights
Pierce’s Disease (PD), caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, is an important disease of European wine and table grapes (Vitis vinifera cvs.) and its strains cause disease in an expanding list of horticultural crops [1,2]
‘genotype’, ‘experiment take down date’, and the interaction of these two factors were statistically significant based on the two-way ANOVA (Table 2A)
Least square means with Tukey’s test separated the resistant, intermediate and susceptible reference plants when data from the 19 screens were combined (Table 2B). These results indicate that the greenhouse-based ELISA screen is a reliable method to distinguish PD resistant and susceptible accessions with reproducible results that could be combined and compared across multiple screens
Summary
Pierce’s Disease (PD), caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, is an important disease of European wine and table grapes (Vitis vinifera cvs.) and its strains cause disease in an expanding list of horticultural crops [1,2]. Pierce’s disease limits grape cultivation in California [3], the southeastern US [4], Mexico [5], and Central America [6]. The history of PD goes back to the late 1800s with reports from across the coastal plain areas of Texas, Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, North and South Carolina, and California [3,7,8,9,10].
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