Abstract
It is well-known that high-intensity acoustic fields in narrow open ducts can give rise to shock waves, where the length of the duct is a key factor, but the geometry of the edges at the opening is not. However, the precise geometry of the inner edges of the duct is critical, together with the value of a Reynolds number associated with the boundary layer, in determining whether or not vortices form at the open end of the duct and whether or not they are radiated outwards. The generation and dynamics of these vortical structures are studied experimentally by means of particle image velocimetry, and numerically using Lattice Boltzmann simulations.
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