GENERALIZED GAMMA REGRESSION FOR ANALYZING ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION SURVIVABILITY

HIV/AIDS remains a public health crisis, HIV/AIDS remains a public health crisis, especially among male adolescents in Indonesia. This urgency stems from the rapid increase in cases among adolescents, who often lack adequate access to education and prevention resources. If left unaddressed, the epidemic could continue to spread among younger populations, leading to long-term social and economic consequences. Despite the crucial role of HIV knowledge in prevention, disparities exist between rural and urban areas. This study examines these disparities, identifying factors influencing HIV knowledge. This cross-sectional study employed a total of 10,943 male adolescents enrolled in a survey called Indonesia Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) 2017. To address those disparities, a stratification chi-square based on place of residence was employed. We also employed a multivariate decomposition analysis to examine which variables account for most gaps. Results found that only 15% of adolescents were knowledgeable (9.5% in urban and 5.5% in rural areas). Bivariate Analysis showed that education level and HIV test awareness were associated in both areas ( p-value < 0.05), while wealth quintile and internet use were associated in urban areas only ( p-values < 0.05). The HIV knowledge gap would decrease by 8% if internet use was equalized, by 11% if HIV testing awareness was equalized, by 17% if educational attainment was equalized, and by 24% if wealth quintiles were equalized. This calls for a multi-sectoral intervention targeting such factors for better HIV outcomes in Indonesia.

Premarital sex is a growing social issue in Indonesia. The number of adolescents who conduct premarital sex has increased over the years. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of premarital sex behavior among adolescents in Indonesia. The study used secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) with a total of 22,583 adolescent participants. The chi-square and multiple logistic regression were performed to assess the association of premarital sex behavior with socio-demographic status, tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. The results revealed that premarital sex was associated with sex, age, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and drug use. Adolescents who had drunk alcohol were almost twenty times more likely (AOR = 19,888; 95% CI = 16,124-24,531) to have premarital sexual intercourse compared to adolescents who had not. The results found that premarital sex was strongly correlated with addictive substance use. Therefore, the government should formulate integrated health intervention programs to prevent risky health behaviors among adolescents. These can include integrating education on the dangers of smoking, alcohol consumption, and drugs into the Generation Planning or Generasi Berencana (GENRE) program, or Pusat Informasi dan Konseling Remaja (PIK R) or Youth Information and Counseling Center, which focuses on reproductive health in one package.

Tobacco and alcohol consumption has become a serious public health problem. Evidences show that both alcohol and tobacco consumption can cause substantial health related morbidity and mortality among adolescents.The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), a cross-sectional survey conducted among school students, aged 13–15 years, highlighted that the overall prevalence of current tobacco users in India was (14.6%) in the year 2009. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol among adolescents in India is increasing dramatically. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and practice about alcohol and tobacco consumption among male adolescents. The objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding tobacco and alcohol consumption among the male adolescents living in urban slum of Delhi. A cross sectional study was carried out among 100 male adolescents from urban slums of Delhi. Data was collected using semi-structured, self-administered interview schedule. The collected data was entered using Microsoft Excel 2007 and was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 20. Chi-square test was applied and level of significance was kept at P value of <0.05. The study period was from 11 June to 31 July. The knowledge level among adolescents regarding tobacco and alcohol and its harmful effects found satisfactory. Almost all the participants had knowledge regarding different forms of tobacco and diseases caused by tobacco intake in various forms and alcohol consumption. In spite of having sound knowledge of harmful effect of tobacco and alcohol, high percentage was using them. Only (14.0%) of study participants never consumed any kind of tobacco and alcohol.In our study we revealed that mere knowledge regarding tobacco intake and alcohol consumption is not important. Participants of the study having adequate knowledge didn't practice the same. The implementation of strict rules regarding prevention from tobacco and alcohol is needed.

Population aging is a growing global phenomenon. In Mar del Plata, Argentina, 21% of the population is over 60 years old (2022 Census). An Argentinian study has indicated that the percentage of dementia cases that would be potentially preventable with appropriate management of the risk factor is 59.6% (Calandri et al., 2023). However, the impact of subjective variables as personality traits, emotions, resilience, and beliefs about aging and its relationship with risk factors remains unknown. It is necessary to consider these psychic factors when analyzing protective factors for dementia. This study analyzes protective psychological factors in older adults and their association with dementia risk factors. The study included 66 older adults (90.9% women), participating in the University Program for Older Adults (PUAM) and community centers of Mar del Plata. The average age was 69.4 years, with a medium-high educational level. The FAPPREN (Protective Psychic Factors for Aging) questionnaire (Zarebski et al., 2017) was administered, along with individual interviews collecting data about educational level, comorbidities, physical activity, socialization, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. The Kendall correlation model was applied to examine the associations between the FAPPREN score and dementia risk factors. With a maximum FAPPREN score of 30, the sample mean score was 26.3. Kendall's Tau correlation analysis showed that higher psychic protective factors were associated with fewer comorbidities (p<.001), higher educational levels (p<.05), and a tendency of positive correlation with frequency of socialization (p=.06). No significant association was identified with physical activity (p=.90), tobacco consumption (p=.19) and alcohol consumption (p=.31). These results provide evidence in favor of the comprehensive approach to dementia prevention. Intervening on protective psychological factors, such as flexibility, self-care and adaptation, promotes overall health. Additionally, educational level emerged as a protective factor. Addressing dementia risk factors from a holistic perspective is essential, fostering psychological resources to cope with change, combating ageism, and promoting positive perceptions of aging throughout the life course.

Background: Globally, approximately 940 million male adolescents and 193 million female adolescents were classified as smokers in 2019. The global prevalence of smoking has continued to decline over the years, but the number of smokers remains high due to population growth. Consistently, reports from the Indonesia Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) and Indonesia Fundamental Health Research have shown an increase in the number of adolescent smokers in Indonesia. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between parental marital status, age of male adolescents, socioeconomic family status, and educational level of male adolescents with tobacco smoking behavior. Method: The research design employed was a secondary data analysis using the IDHS 2017 data with n = 5,863 male adolescent respondents. Results: Most respondents did not smoke, had married parents, were between 15-17 years old, came from low to very low socioeconomic backgrounds, and had an educational level of junior high school or lower. All variables (parental marital status, age, socioeconomic status, and educational level) were found to be associated with smoking behavior among male adolescents aged 15-19 years. Conclusion: Adolescents with divorced parents were at a significantly higher risk, approximately 1.3 times greater, for smoking tobacco compared to those from non-divorced families. Intrinsic factors (age and educational level) emerged as dominant factors in the tobacco smoking behavior of male adolescents.

Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global public health issue, and at least 30% of women have exposed to some form of IPV in their lifetime. It was aimed to examine the association between IPV and women's decision-making power in India from the data provided by the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) 2015–2016. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where data were collected from the NFHS-4 2015–2016 of India. A total of 670,615 women aged between 15 to 49 years completed the interviews (196,987 women participated from urban areas and 470,578 women from rural areas and 3050 women were from slums). Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 24. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 29.83 (±9.76) years, 35.4% of women belong to 15–24 years of age category, 70.7% of respondents are from the rural area, 28% of women have no education, only 23.4% of women were employed and about 45.9% of women are using mobile phones. The findings show that place of residence, educational status, employment status, possession of mobile phones, age, knowledge of loans programme and husband/partner age, husband/partner educational level and consumption of alcohol are significantly associated with decision making power of women (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The abused women might attempt to respond to the abuse by trying to control other aspects of her life and making decisions alone without their spouse. This research indicated important factors responsible for decision-making amongst the reproductive women in India.

According to a 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) report, nearly half (43 %) of the world's population (15 years and older) had consumed alcohol within the last 12 months. The report, based on data until 2016, revealed that 26.5 % of 15-19-year-olds and 40.7 % of 20-24-year-olds had consumed alcohol. In Southeast Asia, 21.1 % and 34.3 % of 15-19- and 20-24- year-olds, respectively, had reduced their drinking habits. This was in sharp contrast to the global trend whereby there was a marked decline in individuals' drinking habits within the same period in the American and European regions (World Health Organization, 2018). Although the percentage of people consuming alcohol remains relatively the same, the volume of alcohol consumed per capita (APC) has increased by 34 % in the Southeast Asian region during the same period, while the European region witnessed a decrease of 12% (Manthey et al., 2019). There is, however, substantial variability in the proportion of adolescent (13-17-years-old) population consuming alcohol across geographical boundaries. Notably, 4.4 % of adolescents in Indonesia consumed alcohol, while it was 23.0% in Thailand. Assanangkornchai and Vichitkunakorn (2020) illustrate a temporal picture of Thai youths' drinking behavior by analyzing four national cross-sectional surveys. Their results provide compelling evidence on the changing patterns of problematic alcohol consumption from 2007 to 2017. Unlike the regional trend, this study describes the increasing alcohol consumption in the past year prevalent among Thai youth (15-24-year-olds) from 2007 to 2014, especially among female youth. This necessitated identifying country-specific trends of alcohol consumption among the young population (Assanangkornchai and Vichitkunakorn, 2020).

Smoking and alcohol consumption behavior prevailed greater among adolescents period. These behavior could cause health risks. About 1 of every 4 adolescents in Indonesia were smokers and 3% of adolescents were drinking alcohol. This study aimed to analyze the association between self-efficacy with smoking and alcohol consumption among adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in July-September 2022. The study population was high school male students in Yogyakarta. A multistage random sampling technique was employed, involving 163 respondents. The instrument used was a questionnaire that has been tested. Data was analyzed in chi-square. Almost half of males had smoking behavior (39,3%). Males who were smoking started their behavior at the mean age of 15 years old. Most of them had low self-efficacy (70,6%). All male adolescents who had high self-efficacy do not have alcohol drink behavior. There was a relationship between self-efficacy with smoking behavior (p=0,001) and alcohol consumption (p=0,004). Strengthening self-efficacy is essential for adolescents. The government, family, and peers have an important role in increasing self-efficacy

Rise in oral cancer risk factors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic mandates a more diligent approach to oral cancer screening and treatment

To determine the prevalence and incidence of ocular trauma and proportion of trauma-related visual impairment in the population of Greater Beijing. The population-based Beijing Eye Study included 4439 subjects in 2001, of whom 3251 subjects returned for follow-up examination in 2006 (response rate: 73.3%). The subjects underwent a comprehensive ocular evaluation. Prospective information on ocular trauma and type of treatment was recorded with questionnaires in face-to-face interviews. A history of ocular trauma was reported by 72 (1.6 ± 0.2%) subjects (age-standardized prevalence: 1.7 ± 0.01%). Prevalence of ocular trauma history was associated with male gender (p = 0.02), rural residence (p = 0.04) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.01). Trauma as underlying cause for visual impairment (best-corrected visual acuity < 20/60 and ≥ 20/400) was found in 4 (6.6%) eyes and as underlying cause for blindness (best-corrected visual acuity <20/400) in three eyes (4.2%). In the survey of 2006, 116 (3.6 ± 0.3%) participants had a self-reported history of ocular trauma, which was associated with male gender (p = 0.002), low income (p = 0.01) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.016). The 5-year incidence of ocular trauma was 2.6 ± 0.3%, which was associated with male gender (p = 0.02), younger age (p = 0.037) and lower income (p = 0.009). In the adult population of Greater Beijing with an age of 40+ years, the prevalence of ocular trauma was 1.6 ± 0.2% and was associated with male gender, rural residence and alcohol consumption. The age-standardized ocular trauma prevalence of 1.7 ± 0.01% was comparable with figures from Caucasian populations. The 5-year incidence of ocular trauma of 2.6 ± 0.3% was associated with male gender, younger age and lower income.

This research was motivated by the increasing trend of Alexithymia among adolescents in Indonesia, including in some parts of the Gunung Kidul area. This research aimed to determine the level of Alexithymia tendency among groups of adolescents in Sidoharjo Village, Tepus District, based on gender. In addition, it also aimed to test empirically whether there is a difference in the tendency for Alexithymia in male and female adolescents. The hypothesis proposed in this research is that the tendency for Alexithymia in male adolescents in Sidoharjo Village is higher than in female adolescents. The sampling technique used in this research is proportional random sampling. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula. Alexithymia scale was used as the measuring tool, prepared based on Nemiah's theory. The reliability of the measurement results obtained was 0.819. The results of this study show that the majority of Alexithymia tendencies in adolescents are in the moderate category, but 20.12% are in the high category, and 4.14% are in the very high category. Male adolescents have a higher tendency for Alexithymia (mean: 52.95) than female adolescents (mean: 47.25).

There has been an increase of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS worldwide, especially in Indonesia. Several studies on adolescent behavior, especially the male as the main predictor, reported increased in STIs’ cases due to risky sexual behavior. This study aimed to show the relationship between attitudes, sexual behavior, and the risks of STIs among male adolescents in Indonesia based on the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) data in 2017. This cross-sectional study involved 10,547 male adolescents using the total sampling method according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using a complex sample logistic regression test. This study was found that the proportion of risky sexual behavior of STIs was10% of which 29.8% agreeable attitude male adolescents. Agreeable attitude male adolescents were found able to improve the risk of engaging in risky sexual behaviors of STIs (p-value = 0.018; prevalence odd ratio (POR) = 1.135). The male adolescents who had an agreeable attitude towards sexual behavior could improve the risk of having risky sexual behavior of STIs 1,135 times; however, the attitude variable was not necessarily a major risk factor for the risky sexual behavior of STIs. Knowledge and education were not related to the risky sexual behavior of STIs.

Background: Smoking and alcohol consumption have become major public health problems among Chinese women. In this study we explore the behavioral trends in smoking and alcohol consumption of Chinese women. We also explored the changes in the sociodemographic factors that affect the smoking and alcohol consumption behaviors of Chinese women at different reproductive stages. Methods: We used the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey data for 2004 to 2011 to investigate the trends and influential factors of tobacco and alcohol consumption among Chinese women. Data for tobacco and alcohol consumption (consumption of beer or any other alcoholic beverage and smoking of cigarettes) were extracted using questionnaires. We applied the χ2 test to examine the trends of alcohol and tobacco consumption among Chinese women over the period of 2004 to 2011. We conducted two penalized logistic regressions with age as the continuous and classification variable (18–23, 24–29, 30–44, and 45–49 years), and independent variables included residence, age, and marital status. Results: Drinking rates among Chinese women significantly changed over the period of 2004 to 2011 (p = 0.018). Age was related to tobacco consumption rates for 2009 and 2011 (p < 0.05). Marital status was associated with tobacco consumption rates for 2004, 2009, and 2011 (p < 0.05). Tobacco and alcohol consumption rates from 2004 to 2011 were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Over the period of 2004 to 2011, alcohol consumption rates were higher among women living in urban areas than those among women living in rural areas (p < 0.05). High educational attainment was related to alcohol consumption. Educational attainment levels of secondary or primary schooling and university or above were related to alcohol consumption rates for 2004 to 2011 (p < 0.05). Employed women were more likely to consume alcohol than unemployed women in 2004, 2006, and 2011 (p < 0.05). Data from 2004 to 2011 showed that tobacco and alcohol use were correlated (p < 0.05) and that women aged 45–49 years old were more likely to consume tobacco than other women (p < 0.05); Conclusions: The drinking behavior of Chinese women changed considerably over the period of 2004 to 2011. Our results provide further insight on the smoking and drinking behaviors of Chinese women at different reproductive stages and the factors that influence such behaviors. Therefore, our findings on trends and factors that influence rates of tobacco and alcohol use allow for a better understanding of the smoking and drinking behaviors of Chinese women.

# O6.1 SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND DRUG OF CHOICE {#article-title-2} There has been some previous report on an association between sexual orientation and substance use, most studies reporting on elevated rates of illegal drug use among LGBs. Despite numerous assertions on supposed drugs of choice among gay/bisexual men (poppers, metamphetamines etc.), the hypothesis has, to our knowledge, not been specifically tested in a population study. Methods. Data from a representative sample of Swiss men (n = 5,387) approximately 20 years old were collected between August 2010 and November 2011. 167(2.8) reported to be gay/bisexual. Results. While no differences could be found regarding lifetime consumption of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, gay/bisexual men had, compared to heterosexual participants, more often tried other illegal substances (heroin, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens etc.). No differences were found regarding the 12-month prevalence among the ever users, with the exception of poppers, which consumption gay/bisexual men had continued more often. Conclusion. Gay/bisexual men do not differ from heterosexual men regarding the trying out of drugs, but differed with regard to the maintenance of poppers consumption. # O6.2 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AGE AND GENDER TO INTERMITTENT ALCOHOL ABUSE {#article-title-3} Intermittent alcohol abuse (binge drinking) may induce brain damage as well as cognitive impairment in adolescents. However it is unknown whether such alcohol abuse will also have such a devastating effect in adults as well as pre-adolescents engaged in under age drinking. In these present studies, an intermittent ethanol regimen (2or3g/kg, 3x/day for 2 days, followed by 5 days of abstinence for a total of three weeks) was administered to male and female pre-adolescent, adolescent and adult rats. Microdialysis studies identified significant changes in glutamate and arginine basal levels in the nucleus accumbens, NAc, of a) pre-adolescent male and females (glutamate increased; arginine decreased), b) adolescent male (glutamate decreased; arginine increased) and female (glutamate increased; arginine increased or decreased respectively for low and high ethanol dose) and, c) adult male (glutamate decreased; arginine increased) and female (glutamate increased; arginine decreased) rats after 3 weeks of the ethanol dosing regimen. In addition the concentrations of these two amino acids varied between the different groups. A further challenge with ethanol induced variable effects in the release of glutamate and arginine in each of these groups. Significant losses of hippocampal neuronal cells were evident in each of the groups, with the female adolescent rats showing the highest cell loss. These studies indicate that female adolescent rats are more susceptible to the toxic effects of binge drinking, while the male pre-adolescent, adolescent and adult rats appeared to be more resilient. # O6.3 HIGH EDUCATIONAL LEVELS AS PROTECTIVE FACTOR AGAINST DRUG AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION {#article-title-4} Background & Aims. Alcohol consumption is linked to social-cultural aspects in Northeast Italy. Precedently alcohol was consumed daily by all members of the family in Northern Italy (steady drinking). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol and drug consumption in drivers on weekend nights. Methods. As part of the government sponsored “Safe Roads” Program (November 2008 to September 2012) 3150 drivers were stopped in Padova (Italy) by law enforcement officials between midnight and 6. All underwent a preliminary alcohol test and if positive also a urine test for drugs. T test and multivariate analysis were used. Results. 1068 (909M-85% and 159F-15%; mean age 30.5 yr) drivers underwent the Breathalyzer test. 714 of 3150 (22.6%) were found positive (mean alcohol 0.77g/l; range 0-2.67). 242 of 1068 (22.6%) were also positive for drugs. Drug use was more frequent in those resulting positive to alcohol (23,6% vs 15,4%; p = 0.006209). The highest mean alcohol value (0.88g/l) was found between 4 and 5 am (p = 0.006509). Positivity rate for drugs and mean blood alcohol content resulted higher in subjects with lower educational levels (30,8%vs18,0%, p < 0,001 and 0,689g/l vs 1,027, p = 0,00782). At the multivariate analysis drug use is correlated with age, sex, scholar level and alcohol, instead positive test for alcohol is correlated only with scholar level and use of drugs. Conclusions. The prevalence of drugs and alcohol consumption on weekends is high. High educational levels may be protective against the use of drugs and binge drinking. # O6.4 AGE OF ONSET, PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING IN OLDER ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT INPATIENTS {#article-title-5} Background. Alcohol dependence is a severe and often chronic condition with a strong impact on physical and mental health and social functioning, especially in older patients. This study aims to determine whether older alcohol-dependent inpatients with early (age <25), late (25-44), and very late (≥45) onset of alcohol dependence differ in physical and mental health and social functioning. Methods. In a specialized inpatient detoxification ward for older patients in The Hague, The Netherlands, the Addiction Severity Index was administered to 157 alcohol-dependent patients aged 50 and over (38% women, mean age 62.7 ± 6.5). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the association between early, late, and very late age of onset of alcohol dependence and indicators of physical and mental health and social functioning. Results. As a group, older alcohol-dependent patients had substantial physical, mental and social problems, which were largely independent of the age of onset of alcohol dependence. Patients with early onset alcohol dependence had more chronic somatic symptoms (OR = 3.08, 95% CI 1.19-7.97, p = 0.02) and more suicidal thoughts (OR = 6.60, 95% CI 1.31-33.3, p = 0.02) than patients with late onset alcohol dependence. The very late onset group did not significantly differ from the other two groups in any of the variables under study. Conclusions. Despite previous studies showing more favorable outcomes for the (very) late onset compared to the early onset alcohol-dependent group, their (comorbid) mental health and social problems are in many respects similar and should not be underestimated.

This is a correlational descriptive type investigation, its objective was to determine the existing relationship between the protective factors and the perception of alcohol consumption in Basic School Third Stage adolescents in the “Unidad Educativa Campo Solo” San Diego, Carabobo state, Venezuela, academic year 2003-2004. Population object of the study was composed by 7th, 8th and 9th year adolescent students, from this population a 20% stratified random probabilistic sample was obtained. Two questionnaire type instruments were used for data collection, one for protective factors identification and the other referred to the perception of adolescent towards alcohol consumption. Collected data was analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results show that a weak positive correlation between the perception of the referred alcohol consumption to knowledge of the damage and between the protective factors in the average student and the perception of the alcohol consumption exists, also I demonstrate a weak negative correlation between the protective motivation and factors; and the personal and communitarian protective factors of the alcohol consumption with the perception ofthe consumption of the alcohol consumption, which indicates that they do not have relation between if, which could be explained by the presence of factors of risk instead of protective factors in the studied sample.