Abstract
PurposeWe propose a novel generalization of the three-dimensional double-golden-angle profile ordering, which allows for whole-heart volumetric imaging with retrospective binning and reduced eddy current artifacts.MethodsA novel theory bridging the gap between the three-dimensional double golden-angle trajectory, and the two-dimensional tiny-golden-angle trajectory is presented. This enables a class of double golden-angle profile orderings with a smaller angular distance between successive k-space readouts. The novel profile orderings were evaluated through simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo imaging. Comparisons were made to the original double-golden-angle trajectory. Image uniformity and off-resonance sensitivity were evaluated using phantom measurements, and qualitative image quality was assessed using in vivo images acquired in a healthy volunteer.ResultsThe proposed theory successfully reduced the angular step while maintaining image uniformity after binning. Simulations revealed a slow degradation with decreasing angular steps and an increasing number of physiological bins. The phantom images showed a definite improvement in image uniformity and increased robustness to off-resonance, and in vivo imaging corroborated those findings.ConclusionReducing the angular step in cardio-respiratory-binned golden-angle imaging shows potential for overcoming eddy current-induced image artifacts associated with 3D golden-angle radial imaging.
Highlights
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is seeing increased use worldwide and has become the reference standard in diagnosing left ventricular systolic function
This ensures even k-space coverage for an arbitrary number of readouts, but it comes at the cost of eddy current-induced image artifacts when used with a balanced steady-state free precession readout [10]
The balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) method relies on the spin dephasing to be constant between successive repetition times (TR), so a transversal equilibrium can be established over the two-TR phase cycle [11]
Summary
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is seeing increased use worldwide and has become the reference standard in diagnosing left ventricular systolic function. The golden property, which is characteristic of all golden-angle trajectories, can be expressed as simultaneously seeking to maximize the distance between successive readouts in time while minimizing the distance between adjacent readouts in k-space This ensures even k-space coverage for an arbitrary number of readouts, but it comes at the cost of eddy current-induced image artifacts when used with a balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) readout [10]. The distance between each readout is simultaneously determined by the number of readouts and the number of interleaves, which makes the trajectory characteristics critically dependent on the acquisition scheme Another way to express this is that the spiral phyllotaxis pattern is generated by a closed set of points that must be selected a priori
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