Abstract
BackgroundThroughout Asia, including Japan, rice plants are cultivated in a wide range of areas from lowlands to highlands and are frequently exposed to fog, including acid fog. Some physiological studies have shown that acid fog can be a stress factor for plants. We analyzed the gene expression profiles of rice plants treated with artificially prepared simulated acid fog (SiAF) or simulated neutral fog (SiNF) for 1 or 7 days.ResultsMicroarray analysis results suggested that both the SiAF and the SiNF treatments induced the expression of genes involved in the defense and stress responses in rice plants. Induction of such genes was detected in plants treated with SiAF for 1 day, and the number of induced genes increased in plants treated with SiAF for 7 days. The genes for defense and stress responses were also induced by SiNF for 7 days, although they were not induced by SiNF for 1 day. The gene expression profiles of the SiAF-treated and the SiNF-treated plants were compared to those of plants treated with other stress factors. The comparison revealed that both SiAF and SiNF treatments have similar effects to biotic stresses and ozone stress. The genes encoding NADPH oxidase and germin, which function in apoplasts, were also induced by SiAF, SiNF and biotic stresses.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that both the SiAF and the SiNF treatments may result in oxidative stress through the apoplastic production of reactive oxygen species.
Highlights
Throughout Asia, including Japan, rice plants are cultivated in a wide range of areas from lowlands to highlands and are frequently exposed to fog, including acid fog
Gene responses induced by fog treatments Visual symptoms were not observed in either the simulated acid fog (SIAF)-treated or the simulated neutral fog (SiNF)-treated rice plants at the end of the 7-day fog treatments
The number of significantly differential expressed genes (DEGs) in the simulated acid fog (SiAF)-treated rice plants was dependent on the length of treatment: 1,626 and 3,554 genes in plants treated for 1 and 7 days, respectively (Figure 1a)
Summary
Throughout Asia, including Japan, rice plants are cultivated in a wide range of areas from lowlands to highlands and are frequently exposed to fog, including acid fog. Some physiological studies have shown that acid fog can be a stress factor for plants. SA-mediated gene responses were shown to be induced by acid rain. Acid rain treatment is known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants (Gabara et al 2003; Velikova et al 2000; Wyrwicka and Sklodowska 2006), and ROS are associated with the disturbance of organelle structures (Gabara et al 2003; Torres 2010). The type and timing of antioxidant gene induction is dependent on the plant species (Velikova et al 2000; Wyrwicka and Sklodowska 2006). The severity of symptoms induced by acid rain treatment is dependent on the plant species (Haines et al 1980; Wang et al 2008)
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