GENDER TRANSFORMATION-BASED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIM EMPOWERMENT MODEL IN NORTH ACEH DISTRICT

Domestic violence refers to physical, sexual, psychological and economic abuse from on intimate relationship due to unequal power structure between man and women. Domestic violence is a social crime, but society in India consider it is a personal matter. This thinking carry women in a vulnerable position. Domestic violence refer to violence against women specially in matrimonial house. Many causes of domestic violence in a common area are equal. The main cause of domestic violence as discrimination between male and female, social condition of women, age, education, place of residence, caste, religion, sex of the head of the house hold, standard and living work status of women and dowry. Domestic violence is recognized as the significant barriers of the empowerment of women with the consequences of physical, economic and social status. According to National Family Health Survey 2009, 40 percent women daily beaten by her husband any excuse. 31 percent women tolerate different type of domestic violence. Domestic violence is a under reported problem of India, Women did not complaint domestic violence cause of social stigma “Log Keya Kahange.” According on NGO-in India s crore women faced domestic violence in her house. In which only 0.1 percent women did complaint against it. People thinking that working women, independent women and educated women did not became victim of domestic violence. A survey in Banaglore 2005–2006 it is found that 80 percent working women became the victim of domestic violence by their husband then house wife such research to faced us reality of women empowerment. In spite of all government efforts and help of social awareness programme, dangerous incidents of domestic violence continue. In such circumstances women have to survive and lade a honorable life, for that it is necessary to change the thinking inside and outside the house towards the women.

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Domestic violence (DV) is a health problem that often occurs in women in the community. Violence that is often experienced by women is physical violence, psychological violence and sexual violence. Domestic violence has a negative impact on women, namely a decrease in health status and mental disorders. Women who are victims of domestic violence who have mental health problems are at risk of causing child rearing disorders. </em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives:</em></strong><em> The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of parenting by mothers of domestic violence victims. </em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The data collection process was carried out using a semi-structured interview method. The sampling technique used snowball sampling. The characteristics of the participants in this study were women who were victims of domestic violence who had children who were still married or divorced. The participants in this study were 7 women victims of domestic violence who had children. The data analysis used is thematic analysis using Nvivo 12 software. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> There are 4 main themes in this study. The themes raised were causes of domestic violence (financial quarrel and cheating husband), the role of parenting by mothers of domestic violence victims, fulfilling the psychological needs of children by mothers of domestic violence victims, and the application of rules and punishments for children by mothers of domestic violence victims. </em></p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong><em> This study concludes that mothers who are victims of domestic violence continue to provide positive parenting for their children by taking care of their children, meeting their needs and guiding their children. Health services need to develop a screening program for victims of domestic violence to detect cases of domestic violence in the community. Programs for developing parenting patterns or good parent-child relationships also need to be carried out, especially for families at risk or experiencing domestic violence so that mothers of domestic violence victims continue to provide positive parenting for their children.</em>

Background: The question of violence perpetrated against women and girls in Ukraine has been raised by the public for decades. In the context of an ongoing and active war, the issue of violence is very sensitive. On the one hand, we can see that people are primarily concerned about basic needs. On the other hand, trauma, silence, and ignoring violence and fear have complex implications. Purpose: To present specialised support services that provide social and psychological assistance to victims of domestic violence and gender-based violence in Ukraine. Methods: The theoretical method of the research was to analyse the documents used to study the works of scholars who created, adapted and researched specialised support services for victims of domestic violence and gender-based violence. To better understand the activities of various specialised support services for survivors, an empirical method was used, namely, a qualitative sociological study was conducted to analyse personal experiences of creating specialised support services for working with victims of domestic and gender-based violence. Results: The analysis of legal and regulatory documents in Ukraine provided a complete picture of the work in the field of preventing and combating domestic and gender-based violence, compliance with international standards and innovative approaches. Conclusion: The results of the study show that innovative approaches to working with victims of domestic and gender-based violence are being implemented in Ukraine and meet international standards. Their implementation is based on adherence to European values. In the context of war, there are certain challenges and problems, but the expansion and implementation of such specialised support services continues. Keywords: domestic violence, gender-based violence, gender-based violence, specialised support services for victims of domestic violence and gender-based violence, mobile teams of social and psychological assistance, call centres, counselling service, shelters, day centres, crisis rooms, social and psychological assistance to victims of domestic and gender-based violence.

Violence against women is a crime that has received much attention from social scientists in recent years. From the data collected, it is not known exactly how many women, in this case, wives are victims of violence, ranging from reluctance to provide for their wives to sexual violence. Therefore, to overcome the problem of violence against women in the household, there needs to be joint action between all parties, both from the community to the apparatus and legislation that functions properly so that the problem of violence in Indonesia such as the problem of violence can be overcome properly. In its current development, victims of domestic violence find it difficult to submit their suffering to law enforcement, because of the strong view that the harsh treatment of husbands to wives is part of private events (domestic affairs) so that it cannot be reported to the police. So that the suffering of victims of domestic violence (wives) is prolonged without protection. The condition of victims of such domestic violence is still dilemmatic after the promulgation of Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Because if a wife who experiences domestic violence reports her husband to the police, it is feared that the husband will be more violent towards him after the wife returns home because there is no legal protection from the police and / or court. There are even some wives who are victims of domestic violence who prefer to endure the suffering of violence because they feel worried about their future if their husbands deal with law enforcement.

People who have become victims of domestic or public violence often suffer long-term physical, psychological and social impairment. Due to physical injury, the first contact with the health care system is frequently an A & E Department. Thus, physicians and especially surgeons play a key role in detecting victims of domestic or public violence. The specific needs of victims are adequate medical treatment of injuries, forensic documentation, as well as interdisciplinary medical support to prevent further morbidity and violence. To take this into account, so-called expertise centres for victims of violence have been established at several locations in Germany in recent years. In this study: I. We tried to define the characteristics of victims of domestic and public violence to ensure better identification by physicians/surgeons. II. We elucidate the acceptance and effectiveness of such an expertise centre one year after its implementation and for a period of three years (2007 - 2009) and for a follow-up period of three years (2014 - 2016) after establishment. Patients were prospectively classified as victims of violence by the attending physician at the A & E Department and further treatment was initiated by the expertise centre for victims of violence. Medical reports from the A & E Department were analysed anonymously and compared with the number of patients of the expertise centre for victims of violence who had been referred from A & E Department. Orthopaedic and trauma surgery is the main referring discipline for the expertise centre for victims of violence. 0.9% of patients (2007 - 2009) and in the follow-up period (2014 - 2016) even 1.6% of patients were identified as victims of violence. However, the acceptance of such a centre fell from 22.2% (2007 - 2009) to 17.2% (2014 - 2016). Physicians and especially trauma surgeons are responsible for identifying victims of domestic or public violence and ensuring further treatment. Accordingly, it is crucial that the expertise centre should characterise the victims of violence and be aware of their different needs, if the expertise centre is to be accepted. The results of this study indicate that interdisciplinary training and close cooperation between traumatology and legal medicine are the main prerequisites for continuous improvement in the treatment of victims of violence.

Domestic violence has been identified as a human rights issue, and as such, it may result in violations of the victim's right to life, personal freedom, security, and freedom from torture or inhumane, cruel treatment. Over the years, societies and legal systems have placed focus on the eradication of domestic violence against women, while this serves a humanitarian purpose; violence against men has been neglected. Recent studies assert that domestic violence is a human problem rather than a gender problem. The aim of this paper is to examine the concept of domestic violence as a gender inclusive term, discuss the types and causes of domestic violence and the legal protection of men as victims of domestic violence. The research methodology adopted in this work is the doctrinal and qualitative methodology. It was found in the course of this research that there is an ever-increasing case of violence against men, with most of the cases underreported. In view of these, this paper concludes that the laws and government response are mostly inadequate. It is recommended that there is a need to recognise the fact that men are also victims of domestic violence, as this will be the very first step in unravelling the problem of domestic violence. In addition, there is also a need for the establishment of governmental agencies, training for enforcement officers who may be involved in the reporting process and public enlightenment for men to speak up.

Background: Domestic violence, as with all forms of gender-based violence, represents a barrier to development due to its negative impact not only on women, but also on men, children and the wider community. Objective was to find out the causes of domestic violence. To trace the reasons for which abused women continue to stay in abusive relationship. To find out help-seeking behavior of abused women.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 600 ever married women of 15-49 years of age. All the information was gathered based on self-administered questionnaire. Confidentiality was maintained strictly.Results: Out of 600 respondents, 231 respondents were victims of domestic violence. Alcoholism of the husband was found the main cause of domestic violence as reported by a majority of about 29% of the respondents. Regarding reaction of victims to the violence, 168 of the respondents informed that they become silent. Total 159 respondents approached the informal or formal sources to seek help.Conclusions: Alcoholism of the husband was found the main cause of domestic violence against women. Majority of the victims could not resist or fight back. A majority of women were unaware about the relief available to the victims of domestic violence.

There is a close relationship between domestic violence and child abuse. Although many children are victims of domestic violence, very few of them are reported to legal institutions. The main reason for this is that the abuser is a family member. However, the harm caused to children by domestic violence cannot be underestimated. This study was conducted on children in Sri Lanka who are victims of domestic violence, and specifically studied the factors that affect the victimisation of domestic violence and the effects it has on children. The economic and social status of the families of children who are victims of domestic violence was also discussed. A sample of 40 children who were victims of domestic violence was used for the study. Accordingly, the main objective of conducting this research is to study the factors that affect the victimisation of children in the family and the abuse situations that children face. Accordingly, the % of direct problems with the child alone is 47%. 53% of children have experienced violence due to disputes between their parents. It was also revealed that 90% of the siblings of the children who have been victims of violence have also been subjected to violence. Parents in the 26-33 and 34-40 age groups are primarily involved in domestic violence. Accordingly, this study revealed that in families with young and underage parents in this country, family disputes are more common, and children are primarily affected. The father's drug use, the family's economic problems, the low education of the parents, poor interpersonal relationships between the parents, living in a single-parent family, and various weaknesses of the children are the main factors that affect domestic violence against children.

This research aims to determine the implementation of legal protection for children as victims of domestic violence in Lau Gumba Village and to determine the obstacles faced in providing protection for children as victims of domestic violence. This research was conducted at the Berastagi District Police and the Berastagi District Prosecutor's Office using technical observation or direct observation and interviews, namely by communicating directly through interviews with several Berastagi District Police legal officers and other informants as well as distributing questionnaires to prosecutors at the Berastagi District Prosecutor's Office. In relation to the legal protection of children which has been stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2002 jo Unbdang - Law Number 35 of 2014 and Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning the protection of witnesses and victims which is the basis of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as a rule that guarantees legal protection towards children who are victims of domestic violence. The author will provide an overview of the forms of legal protection for children who are victims of domestic violence in Lu Gumba Village which are not optimal from the perspective of Law Number 23 of 2002. The obstacles faced in providing legal protection for children as victims of violence in the household, namely: traditional constraints, psychological constraints of children and the constraints of ignorance of the children themselves and society. As well as several obstacles faced by law enforcement officers

Forgiveness in this study is an apology from victims of domestic violence to perpetrators of domestic violence. The number of cases of domestic violence that occur is increasing from year to year, as victims of domestic violence choose to maintain their household, even though the victim is undergoing a household that experiences violence. Many ways are used by victims in maintaining their household, one of them is by giving forgiveness to perpetrators of domestic violence. This study aims to analyze how forgiveness of victims of domestic violence in Aceh province. The method used is the quantitative approach and the type of comparative descriptive research. The population in this study was the wife who was a victim of domestic violence in the city of Banda Aceh by taking a sample using a purposive sampling technique, the sample in this study was 31 victims of domestic violence. This study uses a self-composed instrument namely Forgiveness Scale for Domestic Violence (FosDiV) developed from the TRIM-18 questionnaire using a Likert scale model. Data analysis techniques in this study used quantitative descriptive. The results of this study indicate that overall forgiveness of victims of domestic violence in Aceh is in the medium category, which means they assume that giving forgivenees to perpetrators of domestic violence is a natural thing to do as a wife. In Aceh culture, a wife who is obedient and obedient to her husband is very important, wives feel happy when they are called by the term "meutuah" wife. The word "meutuah" is well-liked by wives in Aceh. Besides that, it can be seen that victims who do not work more to close their cases for fear of not being supported by the perpetrators and feel that victims must depend on the perpetrators so that victims decide to maintain their domestic relations by apologizing to the perpetrators. Whereas victims who have their jobs are braver to report their cases and even choose to divorce and criminalize the perpetrators. It is hoped that the results of this research can help community institutions and other communities to jointly pay attention to the situation of victims of domestic violence and immediately report the case to the authorities, and can help victims of domestic violence to be able to lead a better life.

This study was aimed at looking in to women’s experiences of violence in the home in selected woreda’s of Gedeo and West Gujji Zones. Mixed research approach was employed to collect the required data from victims of domestic violence, police officers, and officials and experts in concerned government offices. The quantitative data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and thematic analysis method was employed for qualitative data. The result revealed those women’s accounts of abuse is a complex phenomenon because it includes various forms, ranging from humiliation, threats and social isolation to forced sex and battering. Violence against women runs along a range, often escalating from milder forms to more serious acts. The finding indicated that men who are physically abusive are also psychologically, economically and sexually abusive. In this study, Economic dependence, and transgressions of gender role were found to be the main causes of domestic violence. Alcoholism, jealousy and masculinity linked to dominance were also mentioned as factors of violence. Domestic violence has profound consequences on women’s overall well-being. The experience of domestic violence puts women at greater risk of physical, social, mental and health problems. With regard to response to domestic violence, the study shows that some abused women are not passive victims but rather adopt active strategies to maximize their and their children safety. As economic dependence was found to be the prominent cause for domestic violence the researchers suggest the integrated interventions of stakeholders to economic empowerment of women to scale up the capabilities of women in household decision making thereby reducing the likelihood of violence in the home. Furthermore, enforcing the existing legal frameworks related to domestic violence and enacting additional responsive regulations on domestic violence is imperative to protect the victims of domestic violence.

The importance of victimology in the protection of children who are victims of domestic violence in Indonesia, because in this case there are many cases but legal protection has not maximized its application. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach and collects data from literature, including journals, books, and other sources relevant to child victims of domestic violence. Children need legal protection as victims of domestic violence. However, in the Indonesian legal system, the protection of victims has not received sufficient attention. The rights of victims are often ignored, while the rights of criminal suspects or defendants are more strictly regulated in law. This can make victims of domestic violence feel that they are not getting justice. The role of victimology in the struggle for human rights and responsibilities is significant in the context of this issue. The study of the evolution of victimology from its origins to the present is the subject of this research, with an emphasis on the protection of children as victims of domestic violence. The author aims to understand more deeply this issue and to identify the consequences of the theory of victimology in ensuring the protection of children who have been victimized. Through the analysis of this research, a deeper understanding of the importance of legal protection for child victims of domestic violence will be obtained. The ultimate goal is to raise awareness and implement measures that protect children in the Indonesian criminal justice system. Keywords: Child, Domestic Violence, Victim, Legal Protection, Victimology

Violence against women and children is one of the criminal acts in Indonesia, one of which is domestic violence that often occurs in a marriage bond. The victims in this crime of domestic violence are usually women and children. The government has issued Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, but this is not enough to anticipate such violence. This can happen due to the low legal awareness of domestic violence in family members.. The purpose of this research is to increase the knowledge and understanding as well as legal awareness of the people of Pesawaran Regency regarding the elimination of domestic violence, especially regarding the content of Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence and Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, legal protection procedures for victims of domestic violence, and the fulfillment of the rights of victims of domestic violence in Pesawaran Regency and causes of domestic violence.. Education is not an incidental action but a continuous activity, Legal communication is the process of conveying legal messages in accordance with the content and a legal regulation with the aim of creating a common legal understanding or understanding. It is necessary to have non-formal education or legal communication aimed at community members, non-formal education or legal communication is carried out by means of Socialization and Counseling of Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.

Domestic violence remains a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in North Aceh, which has the second highest number of domestic violence cases in Aceh. This research analyzes the North Aceh District Government's economic empowerment policy implementation in tackling domestic violence using the GenderTransformative (GT) approach. Using a phenomenological qualitative method, this research conducted in-depth interviews with various parties, including the Department of Social Affairs, Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, and analysis of related documents. The results showed that despite the existence of Aceh Qanun (Local Law) No. 9 of 2019 and North Aceh Regent Regulation No. 9 of 2022 that regulate women's empowerment and handling of domestic violence, implementation still faces many challenges. The main obstacles are weak interagency coordination, lack of community and NGO participation, and limitedunderstanding of the relevant qanuns. More integrated and effective local, mesomacro, and inter-organizational interventions must be strengthened. In conclusion, achieving gender equality and reducing domestic violence through economic empowerment requires a more comprehensive approach. The North Aceh regional government is advised to enhance coordination, increase community and NGO participation, and develop sustainable empowerment programs considering the local context and Islamic values

The Indonesian government has passed the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence (PKDRT Law) to provide comprehensive protection, including guarantees of legal protection and victim recovery. Domestic violence is stated in article 1 point 1 of Law Number. 23 of 2004 concerning the elimination of domestic violence. means any action against a person, especially women, which results in physical, sexual, psychological, and or domestic neglect, including threats to commit acts, coercion, or unlawful deprivation of independence within the scope of the household. Domestic violence can occur to husbands, wives, and children as well as those within the scope of the household. There are two main underlying causes of domestic violence. Firstly, economic factors. The economic factor in question is the lack of established economic conditions in the household so that the many demands that arise in the household are unable to be fulfilled. This condition is what then triggers conflict and even acts of domestic violence. Secondly, a patriarchal culture which embraces the meaning of a social system that places men as the main power holders and dominates in the role of political leadership, moral authority, social rights, and control of property. A patriarchal culture that sees paternal lineage indirectly gives birth to the idea that women have a lower position than men (subordinate). Which ultimately involves many women becoming victims of domestic violence. The objectives of this research are: To find out the implementation of the Domestic Violence Policy at the Palu City Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office. The research design uses descriptive qualitative. This research is designed within one year