Gender Parity and State Legitimacy: From Public Office to Corporate Boards

Abstract

In most countries around the world, women make up a small minority of corporate boards of directors, which remain predominantly male. In the last decade, many European countries have adopted laws that impose mandatory quotas on corporate boards of directors to achieve gender balance in corporate leadership. In the United States, by contrast, corporate board is largely a matter left to corporations’ voluntary initiatives, not law, and the case for diversity dominates the debate. This Essay traces the evolution of the corporate board gender balance laws in Norway and France. Although it is often said that the presence of women in corporate leadership is good for business in Europe, I argue that the new private-sector gender quotas are best understood as mechanisms to improve the democratic legitimacy of the state. In France, the proposal to impose gender quotas on corporate boards emerged shortly after the law imposing similar quotas on candidates for elected office. However, the French constitution had to be amended before each law was ultimately adopted. The unique constitutional genesis of the corporate gender quotas laws in France illustrates the connection between case for diversity: and foundational concerns about the legitimacy of democratic policy-making. This connection is more apparent in European countries than it could be in the United States, due largely to the corporatist frameworks of governance in the former. The comparison suggests that corporatist traditions may open up opportunities for the pursuit of gender equality which are absent from the American arena.