Gender in the Curriculum: Analysis of National Curricular Documents of Czechia, Estonia, Ireland, and Sweden

Like quantitative content analysis, qualitative content analysis is an empirical method of social sciences for analyzing live or recorded human communication such as → Newspaper articles, protocols of → television news or programs, transcripts of → interviews, or protocols from → observations (→ Content Analysis, Quantitative). This written or transcribed material is called text material in this context (→ Text and Intertextuality). From a general perspective, there are two main differences between quantitative and qualitative content analysis. First, quantitative content analysis works deductively and measures quantitatively. In this respect, quantitative content analysis decomposes the text material into different parts and assigns numeric codes to these elements or parts. Of course, such parts are not just words, but are rather issues, statements, arguments, or bundles of → meaning. By contrast, however, qualitative content analysis works inductively by summarizing and classifying elements or parts of the text material and assigning labels or categories to them. In this respect, qualitative content analysis searches rather for “coherent” meaning structures in the text material.

This chapter discusses the principles of textual analysis as a means of gathering information and evidence in political research. Textual analysis has generated strong interest as a research method not only in Politics and International Relations, but also throughout the social sciences. In political research, two forms of textual analysis have become particularly prominent: discourse analysis and content analysis. The chapter examines discourse analysis and content analysis and explains the use of documents, archival sources, and historical writing as data. It considers the distinction between discourse analysis and content analysis, as well as the differences between qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It also describes the procedures that are involved in both quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

This chapter discusses the principles of textual analysis as a means of gathering information and evidence in political research. Textual analysis has generated strong interest as a research method not only in Politics and International Relations, but also throughout the social sciences. In political research, two forms of textual analysis have become particularly prominent: discourse analysis and content analysis. The chapter examines discourse analysis and content analysis and explains the use of documents, archival sources, and historical writing as data. It considers the distinction between discourse analysis and content analysis, as well as the differences between qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It also describes the procedures that are involved in both quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

This chapter discusses the principles of textual analysis as a means of gathering information and evidence in political research. Textual analysis has generated strong interest as a research method not only in Politics and International Relations, but also throughout the social sciences. In political research, two forms of textual analysis have become particularly prominent: discourse analysis and content analysis. The chapter examines discourse analysis and content analysis and explains the use of documents, archival sources, and historical writing as data. It considers the distinction between discourse analysis and content analysis, as well as the differences between qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It also describes the procedures that are involved in both quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best start an infant can receive. However, in many high-income countries breastfeeding rates are low and this may be a reflection of social norms which in turn may be influenced by the media. This study therefore explored the portrayal of infant feeding in women's general interest magazines. The five top selling women's weekly magazines in Britain and Ireland for 2013 over a 4-month period were included. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis was conducted for both written and visual content. In 58 magazines, there were 90 references to infant feeding with an average of 1.5 (range: 0-5) per magazine. Breastfeeding and formula feeding references were present in equal number and both were predominantly portrayed positively. There was only 1 visual representation of breast feeding compared with 11 of bottle feeding. Potential drivers for breastfeeding included its role in post-pregnancy weight loss and celebrity endorsement while family routine, the role of males in the house and concerns about adverse health effects were identified as barriers to breastfeeding. An improvement in visual representations of breast feeding and factual information in women's weekly magazines may be helpful in re-defining social norms regarding infant feeding. Keywords: food and nutrition, health promotion, public health.

The paper presents the results of analyses concerning the possible use of User Generated Content (UGC) to assess the perception of the image of tourism entities, acting in the travel destinations with high tourist potential. The scientific method applied in the study was the internet survey comprising the quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The quantitative content analysis was focused on the number of a comments and metatags and on assigning them to the suiting factorial parameters. The qualitative content analysis was focused on the essence of the analysed metatags and comments in the context of image shaping factors presented by Baloglu and McCleary (1999). Based on the selected parameters of the model proposed by Baloglu and McCleary, and in order to create a matrix of the distinguishing features of the image used in the promotion, the elements of the website content of agri-tourism farms located in the Bialowieza (BNP) and Narew (NNP) national parks were analysed. It was assumed that the chosen content of web sites (metatags) was a direct expression of the manner of perception of the travel destination image by the persons engaged in tourism activities there. For the purpose of the analysis of these entities image perception by tourists, a separate matrix, based on the examination of their opinions, left behind at online tourist offers comparison sites, has been created. The resulting matrices were compiled and the main distinguishing features of the image were indicated from the perspective of both groups. According to the owners of tourist farms from the BNP area the main distinguishing feature of the image of this area are natural values; though the distinguishing features regarding the quality of products and tourism services are slightly less important. Similar conclusions can be drawn based on the data obtained by analysing the opinions of tourists. On the other hand, for the NNP, the dominant role of features related to the quality of products and tourism services was confirmed. It was found that the analysis of the UGC may constitute an important factor allowing for tracing the dynamics of changes in image perception by tourists, which enables for efficient creation of the image of the entity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.19.3.8127

Rationality (Online Discussions/Discussion Quality)

A patient-centered approach is essential for promoting sexual health (SH) and reproductive health (RH) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The study aimed to describe and interpret Mexican rheumatoid arthritis outpatients' testimonies of their SH and RH definitions. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis was conducted on free-text comments from 219 and 223 descriptions of patients' SH and RH definitions, respectively. A comprehensive system of major themes, categories, and subcategories was structured for each definition. The representational foundations of these categories and the context of their production were analyzed. Integration of quantitative and qualitative content analysis was used to comprehend patients' definitions of SH and RH. Internal review board approved the study. Ten major themes emerged for each definition, and their assigned frequencies differed between SH and RH definitions, and between groups of patients integrated according to age, education level, and sex. Both definitions had similar contents, expressed in the shared major themes and categories, and in managing at the same time SH- and RH-related contents within each definition. The "overall prevention-patient oriented care" major theme defined a common core for both definitions' contents. Meanwhile, a diversity of meanings was also evident particularly at the subcategory level. In our population, SH content was distinguished by related diseases and their consequences, individual actions directed to prevention, and couple mentions. Meanwhile, RH was distinguished by a primarily biological perspective of the reproductive function, which was required at a particular life stage to concrete a family project.

The article deals with the urgent problem of possibilities of using information and communication technologies during epidemics, and their role in the organization of the educational process in Ukraine under quarantine conditions. The analysis of publications on the role of information and communication technologies in epidemics has been carried out by searching on the Internet platforms that comprise abstract databases of scientific journal publications and patents. It is found out that for the most existing works are concerned with the closure of institutions during infectious disease outbreaks, the analysis of the importance of information and communication technologies in epidemics, the role of social media during pandemics, the role of mobile technologies in supporting the continuity of education during temporary closures of schools caused by different crises, experiences of the use of online or other communication technology for the temporary distance learning provision. The analysis of the publications revealed that most of the scientific papers found have been devoted to the problem of preventing the spread of the epidemic rather than organizing the educational process at the educational institution. The carried out research has comprised a quantitative and qualitative (content) analysis of Internet search results in various information resources and Internet services. The qualitative content analysis has been applied to clarify the essence of information and communication technology concepts of and to define the value of information and communication technologies for the organization of the educational process under quarantine conditions. The quantitative content analysis has been used to identify the frequency of words or phrases contained in the texts of scientific articles, web pages, social media posts outlined by the research topic. The analysis of articles in search systems for scientific publications and patents, the analysis of official information resources of different countries, the electronic search in the most popular search engines, the analysis of messages on the most popular social networks, the analysis of lists of educational topics, search in the shops of mobile applications have been carried out in the research. The descriptive analysis, classification, grouping, and graphical methods have been used to systematize, summarize, and present the results of the research. It is concluded that, at present, informing the population and educational institutions on the organization of the educational process under the conditions of pandemics and quarantine is not of sufficiently high quality and opportune. The situation with the dissemination of information and the support of educators in such an emergency as a pandemic needs further study, it is advisable to direct the actions and reactions of educators during this period in particular scientific analysis.

Banal Cartography: A Critique of Quantitative Content Analysis in Contemporary Cartographic Research

Recent studies have examined how organizations attempt to engage young people with civic issues. In this article, we argue that this literature has neglected emotionality as a potentially salient trait of such attempts. We demonstrate this saliency though a case study comprising quantitative and qualitative content analyses of anxiety and enthusiasm appeals on the Dutch youth sites of Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund. The quantitative content analysis indicates, among other things, that the selected sites contained a considerable amount of text (at least half) that, by design, exhibited an ostensible potential to elicit anxiety or enthusiasm and that these sites contained more messages with a potential enthusiasm appeal than messages with a potential anxiety appeal. The qualitative content analysis demonstrates that appeals playing on anxiety and enthusiasm were constructed in five main ways: anxiety appeals alluded to (1) empathy with animals and (2) people's self-interest; enthusiasm appeals alluded to (3) animals' coolness and cuddliness, (4) the entertainment aspects of environmentalist action, and (5) the awe-inspiring capacities of animals. We close by discussing a research agenda that may further an understanding of the role of emotionality in online texts aimed at engaging youth.

Over the last century, there has been a shift from positivism to interpretivism in the philosophy of science, which forms the basis of qualitative and quantitative research. As a result, many studies utilizing content analysis have transitioned from quantitative to qualitative approaches. Although content analysis, as a method of systematic analysis of textual data, has become one of the most widely used in urban planning research, it has been underutilized due to a lack of detailed explanation and insufficient attention to its application in solving complex urban problems. In this paper, we endeavored to employ a mixed (quantitative–qualitative) content analysis of scholarly articles in the urban planning discipline acquired through a systematic review process. Our objective was to illustrate how mixed content analysis can be applied and demonstrate how its results can enhance the credibility of urban planning research. To achieve this goal, we have explained the subjects (what), the reasons for conducting the research (why), the results, and the application of the results of content analysis (how) in urban planning research. Considering the intertwining and complementary role of quantitative and qualitative content analyses in urban planning research, explaining the what, why, and how of content analysis can not only clarify its applications but also facilitates informed decision-making among urban stakeholders by providing a more comprehensive evidence base and enabling deeper analysis.

Facebook (FB) has increasingly entered the daily lives of Latvians, and, as in other countries, the various virtual communities created within this social network site are directly connected to or even derived from communities existing in the physical world, such as place-based. This article focuses on two such virtual communities that have emerged as groups of residents of Rīga city neighbourhoods, focusing on the analysis of the images posted in these groups. There are several research questions which are centred on the neighbourhood places that are depicted in the FB posts. What do they say about the everyday mobility and borders of the neighbourhood? What places cause joy and worries? How do these visual representations differ in two FB groups? In exploring these questions, both qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods were used. An additional methodological question arose: which of these approaches is the optimal way for such a small-scale ad hoc study? At the end of this pilot study, it was concluded that the visual content (mainly photographs) generated by FB groups of urban residents is a valuable reference material that helps researchers understand specific neighbourhoods as if they were looking through the eyes of residents. Their vision has recorded not only the places of their neighbourhood. Comparing the content of the two FB groups, there are significant differences in this regard. By combining qualitative and quantitative image content analysis, more reliable results can be achieved, but at the same time, quantitative content analysis (both sampling and image coding) require relatively huge resources, especially if the aim is to automate workflow, which raises the question of how rational the use of this or that approach is.

In order to examine differences in attitudes to shoe fashions between women in Germany, Poland and Russia, we asked three samples of advanced female students of English to write a short English composition in response to the stimulus: “Tell us a little bit about the footwear (shoes, boots, etc.) you own and when you wear it”. We analysed the results using a manual qualitative content analysis and two forms of quantitative computer content analysis: one using project-specific categories developed from the qualitative content analysis and previous theory, the other using general semantic field categories. Both techniques were successful in highlighting similar between-group differences, suggesting that qualitative content analysis and project-specific categories can largely be dispensed with. Some issues in using non-native student English compositions as data in cross-cultural studies are also considered.

BackgroundLifestyle modifications represent the first line of treatment in obesity management; however, many adolescents with obesity do not meet lifestyle recommendations. Given that adolescents are rarely consulted during health policy development and in the design of lifestyle interventions, their first-hand experiences, preferences, and priorities may not be represented. Accordingly, our purpose was to explore adolescents’ lifestyle treatment recommendations to inform policy and program decisions.MethodsConducted from July 2017 to January 2018, this study adhered to a qualitative, crosslanguage, patient-oriented design. We recruited 19 13–17-year-old adolescents (body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile) seeking multidisciplinary treatment for obesity in geographically and culturally diverse regions of Canada. Adolescents participated in one-on-one, in-person, semi-structured interviews in English or French. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, managed using NVivo 11, and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative content analysis by two independent researchers.ResultsAdolescents’ recommendations were organized into five categories, each of which denotes health as a collective responsibility: (i) establish parental support within limits, (ii) improve accessibility and availability of ‘healthy foods’, (iii) limit deceptive practices in food marketing, (iv) improve accessibility and availability of varied physical activity opportunities, and (v) delay school start times. Respect for individual autonomy and decision-making capacity were identified as particularly important, however these were confronted with adolescents’ partial knowledge on nutrition and food literacy.ConclusionsAdolescents’ recommendations highlighted multi-level, multi-component factors that influenced their ability to lead healthy lifestyles. Uptake of these recommendations by policy-makers and program developers may be of added value for lifestyle treatment targeting adolescents with obesity.