Gender (in)equality in Sports Journalism – A Systematic Scoping Review

This longitudinal evaluation of gender inequalities and economic growth addresses key questions in the evolving debate over the character of gender differentiation and the goals of womens empowerment. These questions include: 1) whether the impact of strategies of economic growth served to enhance or undermine the status of women; 2) whether changes in the status of women were accompanied by significant changes in gender inequality; and 3) the implications for existing debates. Section I reviews several sets of literature pertinent to the questions using three general approaches: modernization-neoclassical women in development and gender and development. Section II presents the data and methods used in the evaluation. The research assessed the contending interpretations reviewed in the first section by combining another set of cross-sectional and longitudinal data on womens status and inequalities between men and women with other existing indicators. Section III discusses the results in the following order: 1) cross-sectional patterns in womens status; 2) trends in womens status; 3) cross-sectional patterns in inequality between men and women; 4) trends in inequality between men and women; and 5) conclusion. Finally section IV presents an overall discussion of the findings of the whole longitudinal evaluation.

IntroductionGendered practices of working life create gender inequalities through horizontal and vertical gender segregation in work, which may lead to inequalities in health between women and men. Gender equality could therefore be a key element of health equity in working life. Our aim was to analyze what gender (in)equality means for the employees at a woman-dominated workplace and discuss possible implications for health experiences.MethodsAll caregiving staff at two workplaces in elder care within a municipality in the north of Sweden were invited to participate in the study. Forty-five employees participated, 38 women and 7 men. Seven focus group discussions were performed and led by a moderator. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the focus groups.ResultsWe identified two themes. "Advocating gender equality in principle" showed how gender (in)equality was seen as a structural issue not connected to the individual health experiences. "Justifying inequality with individualism" showed how the caregivers focused on personalities and interests as a justification of gender inequalities in work division. The justification of gender inequality resulted in a gendered work division which may be related to health inequalities between women and men. Gender inequalities in work division were primarily understood in terms of personality and interests and not in terms of gender.ConclusionThe health experience of the participants was affected by gender (in)equality in terms of a gendered work division. However, the participants did not see the gendered work division as a gender equality issue. Gender perspectives are needed to improve the health of the employees at the workplaces through shifting from individual to structural solutions. A healthy-setting approach considering gender relations is needed to achieve gender equality and fairness in health status between women and men.

“On and off screen: Women's work in the screen industries”

ABSTRACTAccording to recent research, the impact of awareness‐raising interventions about gender (in)equality depends on how messages are framed. Extending previous work, we conducted an experimental study (N = 1093; 50% women) to examine whether the combination of two frames about gender (in)equality (emphasizing the achievement of gender equality and the persistence of gender inequality) had more positive effects on attitudes toward women and gender equality of women and men than each framing individually. Additionally, we considered the mediating role of identity threat and cognitive unfreezing, and the moderating role of participants’ neosexism and feminist identification. The results showed that the combined frame, compared to the gender inequality persistence‐frame, reduced identity threat and improved attitudes toward women and gender equality solely among women. We also found that the combined framing, compared to the equality framing, increased cognitive unfreezing and improved women's and non‐sexist men's attitudes toward women and gender equality. However, for non‐sexist women, this framing was less beneficial than the inequality framing. In conclusion, the present study highlights the need to examine both the possible mechanisms involved and the gender ideology of individuals whenever interventions targeting gender equality are designed.

Gender inequality is a complex problem with multiple interrelated indicators (e.g. underrepresentation of women in leadership roles, gender pay gaps). Our academic community has been following a three‐step ‘script’ to motivate organisations to act on gender inequality: we document the inequality, we build a business case for equality, and we advocate solutions to correct inequality. But too often, our well‐meant messages have negative consequences. We may be inadvertently presenting gender inequality as an intractable problem and creating unrealistic expectations among stakeholders about gender equality benefits and gender inequality solutions. As stakeholders become impatient with Australia’s slow progress toward gender equality, we may need to reconsider this strategy. Academic researchers may be more successful change agents if we are more deliberate about highlighting the interconnections among gender inequality indicators, identifying the organisational value of gender equality beyond financial performance, and advocating small‐scale structural changes alongside large‐scale interventions.

It is an obvious fact that the human capital can only be enlarged with a sustainable education system. In this context, education is a unique area in which it promotes the equality of employment opportunities and amplify the economic growth. In addition, it supports the women’s empowerment itself. Moreover, it serves an interventionist role for both educators (i.e. teachers, school managers) and the educated ones (i.e. students). In considering the national education system, women have the equal opportunities to take the same education rights as the men. Also, the orientation and training of the teachers and the active involvement of educational institutions are the basic proofs of the gender equality. Even some improvements are observed in gaining the gender equality in education, some striking facts about the gender inequality can come in sight with the statistical facts. While the gender inequality in education is not an essential problem for the developed countries, developing countries or underdeveloped countries may suffer from this kind of inequality. According to Schultz (2002), the largest component of the investment in human capital is just the enrollment in schools, and generally female enrollment rates are used in order to show the gender inequality. Besides, gender distributions of the teachers are also good indicators. From this point, in the first part of the study, we try to analyze the gender (in)equality in education by making some comparisons among the country groups and in the second part, we aim to focus on the education system in Turkey.

In this study, the subject of "gender inequality" is conceptually addressed primarily within the framework of Social Identity Theory (SIT). Subsequently, academic studies on "gender inequality" in English from the Web of Science (WoS) database were examined. Within the scope of the research, SSCI articles that included the terms "gender inequality - gender disparity - gender inequity - gender segregation" in their titles, keywords, or abstracts were filtered. The focus was then placed on the categories of Women’s Studies, Management, Business, Business Finance, Ethics, and Behavioral Sciences resulting in 144 Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) articles. The findings obtained through bibliometric and qualitative analysis techniques were presented using visual tools such as word tree, thematic map, tree map, word cloud map, three-field plot, and code-subcode-segment model. The results revealed that academic publications on gender inequality were very limited in the early 2000s, but their number has grown exponentially over time, maintaining this momentum. The countries producing the most publications in this field were identified as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Furthermore, it was observed that under the theme of gender inequality codes such as struggle, ways of seeing, troubles, and determining factors were identified, with these codes further divided into subcodes and segments. Additionally, key terms clustered under basic themes representing maturity in the literature, were identified as integration, women, and change while key terms clustered under niche themes indicating high potential for future research, were identified as masculinities, nursing, and practice.

Even though breastfeeding is typically considered the preferred feeding method for infants worldwide, in Belgium, breastfeeding rates remain low across native and migrant groups while the underlying determinants are unclear. Furthermore, research examining contextual effects, especially regarding gender (in)equality and ideology, has not been conducted. We hypothesized that greater gender equality scores in the country of origin will result in higher breastfeeding chances. Because gender equality does not operate only at the contextual level but can be mediated through individual level resources, we hypothesized the following for maternal education: higher maternal education will be an important positive predictor for exclusive breastfeeding chances in Belgium, but its effects will differ over subsequent origin countries. Based on IKAROS data (GeÏntegreerd Kind Activiteiten en Regio Ondersteunings Systeem), we perform multilevel analyses on 27 936 newborns. Feeding method is indicated by exclusive breastfeeding 3 months after childbirth. We measure gender (in)equality using Global Gender Gap scores from the mother's origin country. Maternal education is a metric variable based on International Standard Classification of Education indicators. Results show that 3.6% of the variation in breastfeeding can be explained by differences between the migrant mother's country of origin. However, the effect of gender (in)equality appears to be non-significant. After adding maternal education, the effect for origin countries scoring low on gender equality turns significant. Maternal education on its own shows strong positive association with exclusive breastfeeding and, furthermore, has different effects for different origin countries. Possible explanations are discussed in-depth setting direction for further research regarding the different pathways gender (in)equality and maternal education affect breastfeeding. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

ABSTRACTBackground: In the Peruvian Amazon, historical events of colonization and political marginalization intersect with identities of ethnicity, class and geography in the construction of gender and health inequities. Gender-based inequalities can manifest in poor health outcomes via discriminatory practices, healthcare system imbalances, inequities in health research, and differential exposures and vulnerabilities to diseases. Structural violence is a comprehensive framework to explain the mechanisms by which social forces such as poverty, racism and gender inequity become embodied as individual experiences and health outcomes, and thus may be a useful tool in structuring an intersectional analysis of gender and health inequities in Amazonian Peru.Objective: The aim of this paper is to explore the intersection of gender inequities with other social inequalities in the production of health and disease in Peru’s Amazon using a structural violence approach.Design: Exploratory qualitative research was performed in two Loreto settings – urban Iquitos and the rural Lower Napo River region – between March and November 2015. This included participant observation with prolonged stays in the community, 46 semi-structured individual interviews and three group discussions. Thematic analysis was performed to identify emerging themes related to gender inequalities in health and healthcare and how these intersect with layered social disadvantages in the reproduction of health and illness. We employed a structural violence approach to construct an intersectional analysis of gender and health inequities in Amazonian Peru.Results: Our findings were arranged into five interrelated domains within a gender, structural violence and health model: gender as a symbolic institution, systemic gender-based violence, interpersonal violence, the social determinants of health, and other health outcomes. Each domain represents one aspect of the complex associations between gender, gender inequity and health. Through this model, we were able to explore: gender, health and intersectionality; structural violence; and to highlight particular local gender and health dynamics. Intersecting influences of poverty, ethnicity, geography and gender served as significant barriers to healthcare in both rural and urban settings.

Girl child of today is woman of tomorrow; however, gender inequity is predominant particularly in developing countries. She receives less formal education than boy has. Gender inequities and inequalities and inequalities predispose girls even from conception, to discrimination in terms of being born, allocation of family resources, and access to health care and education. Advancing gender equality and equity is a cornerstone to ensure a better life for girls. Empowering girls will therefore ensure that policies and programs at all community levels incorporate a gender perspective and address girl’s lives and their needs. The aim of this study is to identify gender equity adopted by families in relation to health seeking behaviors, education and socialization in Mansoura City. The study was carried out at homes of 240 mothers who are selected randomly from 12 villages. A structured interview sheet was developed to collect the needed information. The study results revealed that 3.1% of studied children leave school in primary level and most of them were girls. Half of girls [50%] compared to 28.6% of boys miss school for family assistance. It was evident that gender gap was still present in education, nutrition, and mainly in the perception of mothers toward son preference and to domination of brother. It is obvious that mother’s education and socio-economic status contribute positively to gender equity, while son preference was more common among large families. The main recommendations were creating community awareness and cooperation about matters related to gender equity, establish periodic national programs to increase attention toward gender equity, encourage and support women and girls for self-expression and fulfillment, empowering women and raising their status through better educational opportunities, as well promoting women’s understanding of their needs and assertion of their rights.

Feminism is for everybody

Gender (in)equality is typically studied as a women’s issue to be addressed via systemic measures (e.g., government policy). As such, research focusing on mobilising men (and women) towards achieving gender equality is rare. In contrast, this paper examines the mobilisation of both men and women towards gender equality as common cause. Experiment 1 shows that men’s collective action intentions increase after reading messages that position men as agents of change towards gender equality, compared to messages that frame this issue as stemming from inadequate government policy. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that messages framing gender equality as an issue for both men and women increase men’s collective action intentions, compared to when gender inequality is framed as primarily concerning women. However, this effect emerges primarily under conditions where the source of message is male (Experiment 3). Practical and theoretical implications for mobilising political solidarity in gender equality contexts are discussed.

The article discusses how to design and deliver gender equality training for judges to boost their gender awareness and ensure gender-sensitive justice. In recognizing how specific the judicial training is, the article suggests an approach to using multiple methods in well-designed, holistic yet adaptable combination, taking account of the judicial skills, to make a value-shift transformation. The first part of this article provides contextual background for judicial training on gender equality and sets out some of the common features all gender equality courses for the judiciary to possess. The author accented that gender equality courses for judiciary have to address such challenges as to overcome prejudiced (either skeptical or even aggressive) perception of the gender related issues as the consequence of strong anti-gender movements as a part of Russian propaganda, to deal with the invisibility of the gender inequality, to demonstrate gender sensitive situations and cases in courts and the practical application of the gender (in)equality in judicial work. Therefore, the course design requires combination of the content (“what”), methodological approaches (“how”) and performance/ delivery (“who”), considering also “in what context”. The second part of the article highlights some specificities of each of four gender equality target-oriented courses designed for different target groups within judiciary, namely sitting judges, court presidents, judges-trainers, and judges-to-be (so called “candidates for the position of judge”). Finally, the author elaborates the idea of importance of carrying out gender awareness raising among judiciary, aimed, inter alia, at countering gender stereotypes and gender bias, as well as enabling judges to see gender inequality, through displaying situations and cases using gender-sensitive pedagogical tools. Thus, integrating a gender perspective into judicial training would eventually contribute to countering gender discrimination and could serve as practical tools to enhance access to justice.

Background Medical abortion is one of the WHO recommended methods for safe and effective first trimester abortion. It is often seen as an emancipating procedure allowing women to be more in control of their abortion, as opposed to surgical procedures where the surgery is “done to” the woman by a doctor. In countries where medical abortion is legal and available, rates of medical abortion (vs. surgical abortion) vary greatly, e.g. in Europe from 24% to 98%. We hypothesised that these differences may mirror how empowered women are in different aspects of their lives and be in part explained by gender (in)equality at the country level. Methods We conducted correlation and regression analyses to assess the association between medical abortion rates and gender inequality in Europe, using several macro-level markers of gender equality such as national gender equality indices and rates of violence against women. The relevance of other structural factors, such as health system and abortion care characteristics was also investigated. Results Seventeen countries were included. Although the sample size was small, results pointed toward an association between several markers of economic gender equality and medical abortion rates. The Gender Gap Index (corr. coeff: 0.52, p = 0.03) and its economic component (corr. coeff: 0.64, p = 0.005), as well as the economic component of the Gender Equity Index (corr. coeff: 0.68, p = 0.003), were all positively associated with the outcome. Other dimensions of gender equality (e.g. political participation; violence against women) and health system factors (e.g. date of introduction of the method; type of abortion providers) were not associated with the outcome. Conclusions Our results suggest that women's empowerment in the economic sphere may have repercussions on the use of abortion care, potentially influencing what method of abortion the women ask for and what method they are offered. Key messages Barriers to the use of medical abortion go beyond the law (if a method is legal/available or not) and include structural determinants, such as gender equality. Higher levels of economic gender equality are associated with higher rates of medical abortion, highlighting the relationship between gender equality and choice of method of abortion.

ICT has been long recognized as a driver of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study examines the relationship between ICT, gender (in)equality (SDG 5), and income inequality (SDG 10). We conceptualize ICT as an institutional actor and use the Capabilities Approach to theorize the relationships between ICT, gender inequality and income inequality. This study uses publicly available archival data to conduct a cross-lagged panel analysis of 86 countries from 2013 to 2016. The key contributions of the study include the establishment of the relationship between (a) ICT and gender inequality and (b) gender inequality and income inequality. We also make methodological contributions to the field by employing cross-lagged panel data analysis to further our understanding of the links between ICT, gender equality, and income inequality over time. Our findings have implications for both research and practice, which are discussed.