Gender, engineering, and innovation in South Korea: an empirical investigation of the industrial patriarchy of the Southeastern region

Gender segregation in education is still prevalent in Western countries. It affects young people's further educational trajectories and occupational attainment and is thus closely linked with gender segregation in the labour market and social inequality. This contribution provides an overview of the main segregation patterns, theoretical explanations and consequences of educational gender segregation. We first outline how gender segregation in education has been conceptualised and measured and summarise the patterns of gender segregation in secondary and tertiary education. We then review the dominant theoretical explanations of gender segregation in education: as a result of future-oriented rational choices, of present-oriented gender identity expression, social approval and gatekeeping, and of past socialization of interests, values and perceived skills. Furthermore, macro-level opportunity structures, such as cultural value systems and the structure of the education system and the labour market are discussed. After reviewing research on the labour market consequences of gender segregation, the contribution concludes with a discussion of the main gaps in sociological segregation research.

How do institutional settings and their embedded policy principles affect gender-typed enrolment in educational programmes? Based on gender-sensitive theories on career choice, we hypothesised that gender segregation in education is higher with a wider range of offers of vocational programmes. By analysing youth survey and panel data, we tested this assumption for Germany, Norway and Canada, three countries whose educational systems represent a different mix of academic, vocational and universalistic education principles. We found that vocational programmes are considerably more gender-segregated than are academic (e.g. university) programmes. Men, more so than women, can avoid gender-typed programmes by passing on to a university education. This in turn means that as long as their secondary school achievement does not allow for a higher education career, they have a higher likelihood of being allocated to male-typed programmes in the vocational education and training (VET) system. In addition, social background and the age at which students have to choose educational offers impact on the transition to gendered educational programmes. Overall, gender segregation in education is highest in Germany and the lowest in Canada. We interpret the differences between these countries with respect to the constellations of educational principles and policies in the respective countries.

Previous comparative research has uncovered considerable cross-country differences in occupational gender segregation. There is, however, a lack of research on the role of educational systems in the creation of gender segregation and gendered school-to-work transitions. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of vocational education and the strength of the education–employment linkage in the transmission of horizontal gender segregation from education into the labour market. Transition system literature points to a stronger linkage between education and employment in countries where initial vocational education and training dominates the educational offers, and to a weaker linkage in countries with a stronger focus on general education. Moreover, research on gender segregation in education shows that segregation is especially pronounced in educational systems with a strong vocational education and training sector on the upper secondary level. Based on these insights, we hypothesize that gender segregation in education and its transmission to employment is more pronounced the more distinct a country’s initial vocational education and training system is. To test our assumption, we compare individual school-to-work transitions in Switzerland and Bulgaria, with the vocational principle being more prevalent in the structuring of Swiss educational offers. We use data from the Swiss Youth Panel Survey TREE (N = 3215) and the Bulgarian School Leaver Survey BSLS (N = 885). Following recent developments in multi-group segregation research, entropy-based measurements are calculated to study the school-to-work linkages and the transmission of gender segregation in the two select countries. The empirical results confirm a more pronounced educational gender segregation in Switzerland, which is transferred more strongly into the labour market due to the tighter linkage in that country between education and employment compared to Bulgaria.

중앙정부는 국가균형발전의 중요한 한 축으로 공공기관 지역이전을 추진하였다. 수도권 집중현상의 분산과 지역혁신을 목표로 추진한 공공기관의 지역이전이 완료되는 시점에, 공공기관 이전으로 인한 새로운 지역혁신의 패러다임의 변화와 이전 공공기관이 중심이 되는 지역혁신체계의 변화 방향을 연구의 목적으로 삼았다. 이를 위해서 지역혁신과 지역혁신체계의 기존연구와 현황을 통하여 지역혁신의 성공요소를 발굴하고, 공공기관의 지역이전과 지역혁신과의 관계성 분석을 통하여 새로운지역혁신 패러다임에 고려될 사항과 이전 공공기관이 주체가 되는 지역혁신 체계의 추진방안을 도출하였다. 공공기관이 이전한 후의 지역혁신의 패러다임은 국가적, 세계적 문제를 풀어내고 창의적인 혁신이슈가 포함되어야 하며 이전기관이 혁신의 주체로서 지역혁신을 이끄는 변화가 필요하다. 또한, 지역혁신의 성공요소로 지역중심의 정책입안을 포함한 5가지의 성공요소를 도출하여 제시하였다. 아직은 물리적 이전에 머무르는 공공기관이전의 결실이 지역혁신으로 변화하기 위한 방안을 제시한 것으로 새로운 패러다임과 추진체계를 확보하여 국가의 미래를 견인하는 계기 마련에 도움이 되고 구체적인 혁신체계와 이슈개발 등의 연구가 지속되어 공공기관이전이 지역과 국가 혁신의 중요한 축으로 작용할 수 있는 구체적인 실행이 이루어 져야 할 것이다. The public organization in the metropolitan area moved to regional province by Regional Innovation Policy in South Korea. This policy was settled to solve the problem of concentration in metropolitan areas and underdeveloped regions caused by industrial development strategy for 40 years from 1960s till 2000s. Government decided the plan under the judgement that moving public organization (or institutions) is one of National Innovation Strategy for balanced development. Furthermore, Central organizations/institutions were to be the subject of regional innovation by leading the regional innovation and building a new regional innovation system. The Purpose of this study is finding out the new direction of regional innovation paradigm and a new regional innovation system to be changed after previous public organization moving from metropolitan area to region province. And this study pointed up the problem between plan and process of Organization Removal, suggested the topics for success of New RIS, and prepared more details methods in future study.

New industrialisation challenges, turbulent economic environment and opening market niches change the structure of competitiveness factors and determine the innovativeness of industrial development. In the current context, it is necessary to deepen the analysis of industrialisation and innovation performance of regions. Therefore, this study aims to identify industrial and innovative development models present in Russian regions. To this end, we propose a methodology based on assessing the localisation coefficients of both regional industrialisation and innovation performance. Calculation of these indicators resulted in the creation of four models: Model 1 (low industrial development and low innovation performance), Model 2 (low industrial development and high innovation performance), Model 3 (high industrial development and high innovation performance), Model 4 (high industrial development and low innovation performance). The classification of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to the industrial and innovative development model shows that more than 40 % of regions use Model 1 and about 12 % of territories use Model 2. Simultaneously, approximately 27 % of regions (including Tula, Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir oblasts, Republic of Bashkortostan) chose Model 3, which most fully meets the new industrialisation challenges. The high stability of this disproportionate structure indicates the absence of positive dynamics and poor balance of industrial and innovation policy measures in most Russian regions in the period 2015–2019. The study results can be used to create an alternative ranking of innovative development of regions. Further research can apply these findings to assess the efficiency of regional industrial and innovation policies.

Relevance. In modern conditions, when the transformation of economic and social systems occurs at an unprecedented speed, an effective innovation policy of the region becomes a prerequisite for any country striving for sustainable development. State policy in the field of regional innovations is one of the elements of the socio-economic strategy, which reflects the position of the state in relation to innovations, determines the goals, vectors and methods of work of state bodies in the field of science, technology and practical application of scientific achievements. The purpose of the study is to analyze the regional innovation policy, identify the key factors influencing the innovative development of the region. The objectives is development of recommendations for improving the innovation infrastructure and supporting innovation activities at the regional level. Methodology. In the course of the study, such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, classification, grouping, as well as economic and statistical methods were used. Results. The article presents the essence of the regional innovation policy as part of the socio-economic strategy of the state, and considers the types of state support for regional innovative development. It was revealed that the problem of the regional innovation policy worries many researchers. The paper classifies approaches to assessing the innovative development of a region, develops a methodological approach to assessing the level of innovative development of a region, and clearly presents an example of calculating indicators. It is noted that the organizational and economic tools for implementing the regional innovation policy are a complex set of measures aimed at coordinating, stimulating and developing the innovative environment. For this purpose, the role of the coordination and innovation center in regional innovation policy is identified. Conclusions. State policy in the field of regional innovation is part of the socio-economic strategy and covers economic, organizational, legal, informational and socio-psychological aspects. The state provides financial, consulting and informational support for regional innovative development.

This work provides an extensive evaluation of the numerous policy instruments used by regional governments in Europe to promote innovation activity in Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs). The instruments are compared and benchmarked in order to identify good practice, in an effort to bridge the gap between the theory of regional innovation and real-world policy implementation. The authors argue for a new policy paradigm and highlight the value of an interactive style of policy intervention. Since the majority of SMEs have a limited resource base with regard to innovation, they need external orientation to understand and adapt to their environment. Thus, the main role for policy should be to increase the innovative capacity of a region and its SMEs by fostering interactive learning both within firms, and within the region as a whole. The authors also collect extensive data on the efficiency of innovation-driven policy measures and introduce three key concepts for successful regional innovation policy: coherence, interactivity and cumulative character. This volume will provide practical lessons and useful comparative results for a variety of professionals working on SME-oriented innovation at the EU, national and regional level. In particular, the mix of theoretical and empirical material should be of considerable interest to academics and researchers studying regional innovation systems and their role in knowledge-based economies. The book should also appeal to professional consultants, practitioners and policymakers who should find the frameworks for the evaluation and design of innovation policies to be of value.

Purpose Industry 4.0 or digitization, from a regional innovation system (RIS) and policy perspective to improve regional innovation, is over-looked. Specifically, this paper aims to focus on analyzing the nascent European Commission (EC) digital innovation hub (DIH) program, designed for fostering transition into Industry 4.0 in regions and facilitating new path development. Design/methodology/approach Empirically, 10 Spanish DIH is explored through interviews and secondary data analysis. Findings The results suggest that DIHs despite their emerging and trial-and-error stage are designed for promoting multi-actor collaborative platforms including non-local actors to stimulate transition into Industry 4.0 by promoting place-based collaboration alliances that respond to local/regional contextual specificities and demands. These regional-based platforms facilitate public-private partnerships that co-design policy initiatives resulting from co-participation and negotiation of spatially-bounded oriented initiatives for digitizing. Originality/value The authors answer: what are the key characteristics of emerging European-level regional innovation policies aimed at facilitating Industry 4.0 in regions? This is the first study on the topic.

Previous articleNext article No AccessIncome and Gender Inequalities in Asia: Testing Alternative Theories of DevelopmentClarita P. Lantican, Christina H. Gladwin, and James L. Seale, Jr.Clarita P. Lantican Search for more articles by this author , Christina H. Gladwin Search for more articles by this author , and James L. Seale, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 44, Number 2Jan., 1996 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452212 Views: 28Total views on this site Citations: 21Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1996 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Soham Sahoo, Stephan Klasen Gender Segregation in Education: Evidence From Higher Secondary Stream Choice in India, Demography 58, no.33 (Jun 2021): 987–1010.https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9101042Kashif Munir, Ayesha Kanwal Impact of educational and gender inequality on income and income inequality in South Asian countries, International Journal of Social Economics 47, no.88 (Jul 2020): 1043–1062.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2020-0226Joko Mariyono Micro-credit as catalyst for improving rural livelihoods through agribusiness sector in Indonesia, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11, no.11 (Mar 2019): 98–121.https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-06-2017-0046Jon D. 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During the past few decades, women have entered the labour market in large numbers but there is still wide gender segregation in education, work participation, employment, and occupational pattern all over the world. The main objective of this paper is to explore all aspects and dimensions of wage discrimination and attitudes of choices responsible for this segregation. A sample survey of working population engaged in two sectors, which employ a substantial number of women (education and medical), is conducted. Findings show that women generally accumulate less human capital than men. They have lower educational attainment than their male counterparts. They have a greater concentration on non-technical courses and subjects in arts and fine arts. Due to family responsibilities, women’s labour force participation tends to be more interrupted and women participate in labour market for fewer years than men and therefore gain less experience. Women hold less advantageous work positions. Regression results show that education, experience, family obligations, working conditions etc. significantly affects wages.

In the context of increasing economic and political risks, industry is a reliable guarantor of sovereignty of any country that ensures a decent standard of living for its population. The paper examines current global trends of industrial transformation and its regional aspects. The study aims to systematise scientific approaches to determining regional priorities, mechanisms of industrial development and criteria for optimal spatial location, as the evolution of the industrial system leads to their changes. A method of systematic literature review (SLR) was applied based on the analysis of publications relevant to the research purpose and objectives. Modern scientific literature has developed a whole range of concepts to characterise the existing industrial processes: the fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, digital transformation of industry and new industrialisation. The analysis of publications has shown that these concepts are often mixed, thus, this research presented their definitions, areas of intersection and differences. Additionally, the study discusses approaches to regional industrial development and spatial location of industries, which were formulated in the scientific literature in the period 2011– 2021. Three concepts revealing regional aspects of modern industrial development — regional industrial path development, «smart» specialisation and regional industrial identity — were critically analysed. The review of foreign and Russian publications can be used to substantiate niche segments of regional industrial research. The paper identified the following study areas: development of methods for choosing a new industrial path; justification of regional priorities according to “smart” specialisation; creation of effective mechanisms for implementing regional industrial and innovation policies; analysis of correlations between cluster configurations and regional innovation activity.

The article presents an overview of modern scientific theoretical and methodological ideas about the goals, objectives, functions and effects of regional scientific, technological and innovation policy on Russian and foreign material. According to the authors, the implementation of regional scientific, technological and innovation policy should be systemic in nature and take into account the high level of differentiation of the subjects of the Russian Federation not only in terms of socio-economic development, but also in their geographical and historical features. The development of scientific, technological and innovative activities and the achievement of technological sovereignty is one of the key tasks facing Russia. In modern conditions, including the imposition of sanctions, a complex geopolitical situation, the transition of world economies to a new technological order, it is especially important to pay attention to the scientific and technological development of the regions of Russia, which cannot be done without a well-developed policy of innovative and scientific and technological development of a particular region. The purpose of the article is to examine the ideas available among domestic and foreign researchers about the regional scientific, technological and innovation policy and to form conclusions, commonalities and patterns that need to be emphasized in the development of science, technology and innovation in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The analysis uses the deconstruction method, the axiomatic method, the descriptive method and the holographic method. The article deals with the problems of the lack of connectivity of the tasks of socio-economic and scientific and technological development of regions, scientific and technological specialization of regions, interregional interaction and strategic planning. As a result, recommendations were formed in the context of domestic and foreign ideas about the regional scientific, technological and innovation policy for its implementation.

Regional innovation strategies rank at the top of public policy agendas today. There is a widespread consensus in both academic and policy circles that standardized “best practice” innovation policy models suffer from severe limitations and major shortcomings. The recent literature is replete with claims that regional innovation policies should be placebased and context-sensitive, taking into consideration the specificities of regions and their distinctive preconditions and capacities for innovation. Various conceptual approaches and theories support such a view. This paper discusses two concepts that have a particularly strong potential for informing customized regional innovation policies: the regional innovation system (RIS) approach and the knowledge base concept. The RIS literature highlights the importance of the organizational and institutional setting of a region and suggests that system deficiencies or failures should constitute the starting point for designing regional innovation policies. The differentiated knowledge base approach stresses that regional industries can differ strongly in their underlying knowledge bases and, as a consequence, in their policy needs. We elaborate on the policy implications that originate from these concepts and argue that tailor-made regional innovation policies should consider both region-specific institutional set-ups and knowledge bases. Focusing on peripheral regions, we outline how such an integrated framework can inform customized regional innovation policies.

The past 30 years has seen an escalating interest in the potential role of universities in contributing to their regional economies, reflected in the increasing trend for regional innovation strategies to ascribe a central role for universities, particularly in peripheral, institutionally thin places. The global economic crisis and subsequent austerity measures implemented in many developed economies have put further pressure on universities from national and regional policymakers to become more explicitly involved in contributing to their local economies in order to justify their public funding. This paper will draw on the academic literature to consider how justified this focus is by questioning whether universities are willing or even able to play the roles expected of them in contributing to regional innovation. It will critique an approach to policymaking that often views universities as homogenous actors in the regional innovation system and places an over reliance on imitating success stories from other places without sufficient consideration of the specificities of local conditions. It will argue for a more realistic and nuanced approach to involving universities in regional innovation policy, concluding with key insights for both universities and policymakers.

This paper summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of global-local interactions of a region and usage of its synergy for the innovation development. Glocalization concept provides combination of global and local issues of innovation development that is an competitive advantage for a region. The main purpose of the research is to determine paradigm shift from traditional to modern regional innovation policy under conditions of glocalization based on the modern European research, experience of European countries’ regions and reveal prospects of its implementation in Ukraine. The relevance of the decision of this scientific research is that the concepts of globalization and comprehensive integration have reached their limits, it can be stated the beginning of the era of glocalization - global cooperation, focusing on local resources and local competitive advantages. Investigation of glocalization of regional innovation development in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: theoretical background, concept formation, strategic vectors determination. The proposed in the paper methodological approach to the regional innovation policy formation is based on the following principles of glocalization: systematicity, multilevel governance, cross-sectoral co-operation (a horizontal coordination), dialectics of global and local dimensions, priority of national interests, effectiveness, uniqueness, resource availability, sustainable development. The paper presents the results of the theoretical analysis of glocalization concept implementation in the innovation sphere, which showed that regional innovation policy formation in an era of glocalization is based on the concept of complementary combination of the glocal components of innovative development of the regions, namely: local, which is expressed through the effectiveness of innovation activity in a region, global (effectiveness of international cooperation in the innovation sphere) and regulating institutions. Regional innovation systems determined as a conceptual basis of regional innovation policy and global-local interactions. The importance of social capital for innovation development and practical implementation of glocalization concept is revealed. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that glocal innovative development of regions, although aimed at overcoming the disproportions of socio-economic levels, but at the expense of other instruments – that is the mobilization of its own reserves in accordance with an independently developed program of action. The research is relevant for Ukraine and other countries with powerful innovation potential in the aspect of building an effective national innovation system.