Gender, Emotions, and Their Manifestations in the Annales by Jan Długosz

В статье обсуждается роль семьи в формировании гендерных представленийстаршеклассников. Определено, что гендерные представления – это обусловленные социумомпонятия, взгляды, утверждения и объяснения относительно распределения ролей и статусныхпозиций мужчин и женщин в обществе. Установлено, что среди юношей и девушек, участвующихв исследовании, преобладают лица с андрогинным типом личности, так как у них маскулинные ифеминные черты представлены гармонично и взаимодополняемо. Определено, что у большинствастаршеклассников выявлены эгалитарные гендерные представления, а у их родителей значимочаще обнаруживаются традиционные гендерные представления. Эмпирически доказано, чтостаршеклассники, родители которых используют авторитетный стиль воспитания, значимочаще характеризуются эгалитарными гендерными представлениями. Старшеклассники,родители которых используют авторитарный и индифферентный стили воспитания, какправило, характеризуются традиционными или неопределенными гендерными представлениями.Установлено, что чем прогрессивнее гендерные представления у родителей, тем гармоничнеепредпочитаемые ими стили семейного воспитания. Полученные данные могут использоватьсяпедагогами-психологами учреждений образования в диагностических, прогностических иразвивающих целях.

Migration is creating significant changes in the social roles of men and women in modern Vietnam. The migration process not only reflects economic development but also shows profound changes in family structure, gender relations and economic responsibilities. This article focuses on analyzing the impact of migration on the changes in the social roles of men and women, based on survey data and in-depth interviews in Vinh Trach Dong commune, Bac Lieu province. The main methods used in this research include a questionnaire survey (N=811) of households with young people migrating from rural to urban areas and in-depth interviews (N=20) of people in these communities to clarify the analysis from observation or available data collection. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods helps to clarify the changes in labor roles, family responsibilities and social perceptions of gender. The study results show that migrant women are taking on the role of the main labor force, while men who stay behind gradually adapt to family care work. However, this change also increases pressure on both genders, thereby posing an urgent need for policies to support and protect migrant workers. In addition, the study also proposes solutions to enhance gender equality, improve working conditions and provide psychosocial support for both men and women in the context of increasing migration in Vietnam. In particular, the article emphasizes that the migration process is not only an economic phenomenon but also a major driving force to change traditional notions of gender. Women's role as the main economic force helps them gain a higher position in the family and society. In contrast, men gradually accept housework and childcare, breaking the rigid gender division of labor model. These changes require flexible adaptation from stakeholders and long-term policies are needed to support this transition in a sustainable manner.

This article provides a comprehensive examination of the historical, cultural, and social foundations of gender features in Kazakh spoken language. The main objective of the study is to identify the structural, semantic, pragmatic, and non-verbal aspects of male and female speech, as well as to reveal their place and function in the national worldview. The research employs a set of methods, including content analysis, comparative, sociolinguistic, cultural-historical, and etymological approaches. Based on oral folklore, folk texts, literary works, and ethnolinguistic sources, the article systematizes the manifestation of gender differences in the language. The findings of the study demonstrate that the social roles of men and women in Kazakh society are clearly reflected in their speech styles, vocabulary, and non-verbal means of communication. Male speech is characterized by brevity, precision, and assertiveness, while female speech is distinguished by gentleness, emotional expressiveness, and politeness. Moreover, the gender-related content found in proverbs and phraseological units embodies the national cultural code and social stereotypes. It is noted that in modern society these distinctions have become less rigid and are acquiring new features in contemporary communicative environments such as social networks and professional discourse. The results of the research can be applied in ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, cultural studies, folklore studies, as well as in language teaching methodology.

This study examined the effects of dog-assisted therapy (DAT) on social behaviors, emotional manifestations, and experience during the activity of 3 people with dementia residing in a specialized dementia unit. The study used an A-B-A-B withdrawal single-case experimental design with two 5-session phases, baseline and DAT, replicating the same activities in each phase. The sessions were recorded and 2 independent coders quantified the frequency of social behaviors along with an assessment of the emotional manifestations and experience during the activity. Comparing with baseline sessions, DAT sessions showed an increase in prosocial behaviors (leans, looks, and verbalizations) and a significant impact on emotional manifestations with heightened pleasure. Dog-assisted therapy sessions also led to a better experience, with higher participation, pleasure, and relationship with others, together with lower rejection and displeasure than in the baseline sessions. Dog-assisted therapy seems to be a nonpharmacological therapy with potential to improve quality of life of people with dementia through promoting social behaviors and positive emotional manifestations.

Men and women tend to espouse different political attitudes, as widely noted by both journalists and social scientists. A deeper understanding of why and when gender gaps exist is necessary because at least some gender differences in the political realm are both pervasive and impactful. In this article, we apply a social role theory framework to understanding gender gaps in political attitudes. The core principles are that men's and women's political attitudes diverge because of diffuse gender roles (e.g., broad expectations based on sex) as well as differential specific roles (e.g., family and occupational roles). We delineate several mechanisms by which diffuse and specific roles would produce differences and similarities in political attitudes. In particular, our analysis examines (a) the influence of gender-stereotypic expectations, (b) internalized traits and goals, and (c) variations in status and resources. A range of evidence shows that the general shape of gender differences in political attitudes aligns with the social roles of men and women, particularly with regard to elements that associate agency and higher status with men and communion and lower status with women. Additionally, we consider intersections among diffuse gender roles and specific roles, following the general principle that gender gaps in political attitudes emerge especially when both diffuse gender roles and specific roles emphasize agency for men and communion for women. The consideration of a social role perspective offers opportunities not only to integrate existing data about gender gaps in political attitudes but also to highlight directions for new research.

An increasingly emotional society? An historical assessment of emotionality in Dutch politics and media, 1945-89 A historiographical consensus seems to exist regarding the development of an ‘emotion culture’ in the Netherlands in the second half of the twentieth century. This process of emotionalisation involves an increase in the public expression and manifestation of emotions from the 1970s onwards. This period is often contrasted with the immediate post-war years. This article asks whether Dutch society has indeed become more emotional in the public sphere. Using computational text analysis and four different digitized historical datasets, the manifestation of emotions in historical language is systematically and diachronically investigated. The assumption that emotionality is reflected in an increase in the use of emotional words is fundamental to our approach. This study did not find empirical evidence for the existence of a period of silence and concealment of emotions, nor for a strong increase in emotional manifestations from the 1970s onwards. On the contrary we conclude that the period 1945-89 experienced stability and continuity in the public manifestation of emotions.

The article describes the trendsin the use of feminitives and masculinatives in media discourse in view of their lexical-semantic and formal-grammatical properties in the context of observing gender-correct speech.The application of the descriptive method made it possible to characterize the formal-grammatical and lexical-semantic properties of feminine and masculine forms; 2) the analysis of dictionary definitions contributed to the establishment of lexical-semantic groups of representatives of social gender in the language of mass media; 3) the modeling method made it possible to determine the lexical-grammatical models of verbalizers of social gender; 4) the contextual-interpretive method made it possible to reveal stereotypical tendencies in the functioning of feminitives and masculinatives.A means of achieving gender-correct communication is gender-sensitive speech -the use of language resources, in particular, feminine vocabulary to designate women by occupation or profession, with the aim of avoiding gender discrimination in media speech in particular. The Ukrainian language has a significant potential for maintaining gender-correct speech: gender lexemes represented by masculine or feminine grammes; bigender -from a grammatical point of view, split into two generic forms, devoid of immanent signs of femininity / masculinity, but able to name both female and male persons by type of activity or profession; agender, which are characterized by the systematic independence of gender characteristics from the grammatical gender, can be expressed by any gender grammes.In the mass media discourse, there is a tendency to activate feminisms, which is a vivid manifestation of the language policy aimed at expanding this lexical-semantic group, establishing a gender culture in the language. At the same time, the use of feminitives in the language of mass media has not become systematic: there are lexical gaps in the names of women's professions, gender asymmetry (grammatical and semantic), which are explained by the situational-pragmatic use of bigender and agender tokens as names of women according to their social roles; there are manifestations of stereotypical ideas about the social roles of men and women.

Celem artykułu jest analiza problemu terroryzmu poprzez pryzmat założeń zróżnicowanej teorii feminizmu, zaliczanej do podejść postpozytywistycznych. Hipotezą artykułu jest przypuszczenie, że badanie terroryzmu z wykorzystaniem teorii feminizmu pozwala poszerzyć zakres jego analizy oraz skonstatować, że to zjawisko ma szerokie uwarunkowania kulturowe i społeczne, a nawet biologiczne, które kształtują jego genezę, strukturę, funkcjonowanie i konsekwencje. Ujęcie feministyczne umożliwia pełniejszą analizę motywów podejmowania i sposobów prowadzenia działalności terrorystycznej przez kobiety, a tym samym pozwala wykazać specyfikę terroryzmu kobiecego. Przyjęte podejście jest charakterystyczne dla gender studies. Koncentruje się na dostrzeganiu różnic i podobieństw między mężczyznami a kobietami, które są wytworem życia społecznego. Zakłada się przy tym, że status społeczny oraz role i możliwości kobiet są zjawiskami relacyjnymi, które wyznaczane są w odniesieniu do statusu, pozycji i ról społecznych mężczyzn. Teoria feminizmu może być wykorzystana do analizy terroryzmu, ze względu na to, że skupia się na badaniach na poziomie jednostki, kobiety i mężczyzny. Różnica płci jako zmiennej konstytuującej rzeczywistość społeczną ma więc kluczowe znaczenie w badaniu terroryzmu. W konkluzji artykułu autorka stwierdza, że kobiety są obecne w organizacjach terrorystycznych i dlatego ich udział winien być badany, a użyteczną do tego metodologią jest podejście wypracowane przez teorie feministyczne.

The customary division of functions and social roles of men and women adopted in the past was reflected in the process of shaping the Polish anthroponymic system. The phenomenon of differentiation of nomenclature based on gender was directly related to the privileged position and exclusive participation of men in the organization of social life. In anthroponymy, the domination of masculinity is marked by the functional expansion of male forms as primary and basic. Male nomenclature was higher listed in the hierarchy of importance, female forms of surnames were always created from male forms. The surnames of married women were ending with the suffixes -owa, -ina, -ska or -a, e.g. Chodkiewiczowa, Niemierzyna, Popławska, Ladna. The surnames of unmarried women were created using the suffixes -ówna (ending in a consonant from scratch), e.g. Chodkiewiczówna (< Chodkiewicz), -anka (ending in a vowel from scratch), e.g. Niemierzanka (< Niemiera), and in adjective types like married surnames, for example, Popławska, Ładna. The subject of attention in this study is the phenomenon of masculinization of female surname forms during the Russian partition (second half of the 19th century) in the Podlasie region. The problem is presented in the context of the historical development of women’s nomenclature in Podlasie and general information on the state of female nomination in Poland in modern times.

Gender role views have long been a matter of great interest to researchers. In part, this is connected to the negative part that traditional gender role views can play in the social and economic integration of women. In Western Europe, this topic has gained additional attention with the arrival of migrants from countries where gender inequality is greater and where individuals hold more traditional views on the social roles of men and women. Research shows that, though gender role views become less traditional over time and through the generations, differences with respect to the majoritarian white population remain. This study explores one of the possible mechanisms behind the persistence of traditional gender role views among migrants and their children in the UK (i.e. ethnic minority groups): neighbourhood ethnic concentration. Neighbourhoods are spaces of interaction, as well as of transmission of beliefs and ways of doing, and this can affect individuals more or less coercively. This study employs data from Wave 2 of Understanding Society, in combination with aggregated Census data. Using this data I explore the extent to which ethnic minority groups residing in areas with a higher concentration of members of the same group have a higher probability of holding more traditional gender role views. The article finds some evidence of this for Indians and Bangladeshis, but not for Pakistanis. Problems of self-selection and endogeneity are discussed.

The article is dedicated to an actual linguistic problem: peculiarities of gender comparison of the olfactory information interpretation based on the material of French belles-lettres prose of the late XIX – the first half of XX century. The investigation aim is to analyze gender interpretations of scents by male and female authors, depicting nature phenomena, through paysage contexts, found out in French fiction. In order to achieve the aim, a complex of analytical methods has been used: contrastive, contextual, structural, descriptional, lexical, and stylistic as well as quantitative. 27 male and 7 female text fragments have been analyzed, referring to the olfactory information of objects/phenomena of nature. The most widespread methods of scents nomination are immediate description of smell source and application of stylistic devices (epithets, similes, metaphors, synectic metaphors etc.). It has been identified that male olfactory images are more vivid, comparing with female ones. French authoresses almost avoid scents descriptions, naming them accidentally. Therefore, their interpretations are rather sketchy. The research results disprove the accepted stereotypes on social roles of men and women, in which male behavior is associated with reason and rationality, whereas female – with emotionality and certain expressivity in actions and words. The stylistic analysis of the sorted out lexis revealed a completely opposite tendency, where an author is more expressive in scents interpretations. Thus, belles-lettres texts contain valuable empirical material, accumulating peculiarities of writers’ perception processes, nuances of the worldview and gender characteristics of language/speech (similarities and differences) of men and women.

There are some marital regulation in Islam which are considered as gender bias such as the concept of wali, nusyuz, the practice of polygamy, right and obligation of the spouse. It does not only create various religious understanding which is gender bias but also create asymmetrical relation of which it results in various forms of gender inequality.In particular circumstances, children become vulnerable victims of fiqh as the law product of men's understanding and effort which are generated from what have been regulated in The Qur'an and Hadith under patriarchal socio-cultural and political setting. Nurture theory about social role of man and woman also contributes to marginalization and sub-ordination of woman in spouse relationship within the family.

The article analyzes the attitudes of young men and women based on a study of 1408 undergraduates of specialists in various fields of training at the age of 20–24 years, which held at the end of 2018 in Moscow and Stavropol. The results processed in IBM SPSS Statistics 23. It established that attitudes of students on the social roles of men and women differ by sex, and largely in the public sphere than in the family sphere and everyday practices. These results are different from a number of European countries where attitudes of young men and women mostly diverge in the private rather than the public sphere. Most students plan to have children (85% of young men and 90% of young women) and more than half of them plan to have two children. No more than one percent of male and female students are the “childfree” or «childhate». Contrary to the hypothesis, both young men and young women highly appreciate the ability of men to perform a paternal role and rarely adhere to the essentialist view of parenthood. Among young men, more often expressed attitude to child-centrism than among young women. The views on parent’ involvement almost did not differ by gender. Students recognize that parenthood is a responsible and difficult job that requires effort and considerable time and effort. For most of the studied variables, students’ religious and ethnic identity is the most differentiating. This applies to maintaining the tradition of patrilineality (the intentions of the young women to take her husband’s name after marriage), attitudes to the distribution of spousal roles, reproductive plans, child-centrism and essentialism in parenting. Social groups of young men and women, who support the views representing risk factors from the point of view of successful marriage, allocated.

Despite societal changes in the past decades and their influence on the social roles of men and women, women are still underrepresented in leadership positions. Nevertheless, specific tasks and situations might even lead to an advantage for female leaders. In this interview, Alice Eagly discusses the boundary conditions of successful leadership behavior and promising strategies for creating those conditions in society and organizations alike.

Talkin' about Class Formation Diane P. Koenker (bio) Reading Boris Mironov's assessment of the role of workers in the 1917 revolution immediately swept me back to the 1970s, when an entire cohort of historians of Russia engaged with a broader community of historians of labor to reassess the prevailing view of Russian workers as "dark masses" (from the right) or "red masses" (from the left). Seeking to replace condescension with respect for individuals as well as for sources, we social historians sought to interrogate these generalizations, whether from the right or the left, whether about "irrational" peasant-workers or monolithic working-class armies.1 In bringing these methods to the study of the 1917 revolution, this cohort—whether looking at workers, peasants, soldiers, or sailors—contributed to a new consensus that dispelled theories of revolution based on assumptions of conspiracies (German or Masonic) or coups d'états. If in our early writing, we confronted these interpretations each time we presented our evidence, after a while these old views of conspiracies aided by idiotic social forces became so discredited that we no longer needed to engage with them. Now the argument of "cannon fodder" is back, challenging a 30-plus-year consensus about the nature of the Russian working class in 1917. "Class theory" has remained important to me and this broad cohort of scholars as a heuristic tool for analyzing the phenomena of revolution and worker experience. The work of E. P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm, and others led us to seek to disentangle "class," to search for divisions as much [End Page 377] as commonalities.2 Demographic data—especially from censuses and other forms of social surveys—were necessary but not sufficient to draw conclusions. Mironov acknowledges as much when he recognizes that "the proletariat was also distinct from other groups in terms of its multilayered social structure" (354). Their political views could be varied. But he rejects the distinction among "vanguard," "intelligent," and "socialist-minded" workers and the mass of backward, patriarchal, alcoholic, thieving workers. Even the "vanguard" was insufficiently advanced to act politically without mentors from the intelligentsia, he says. For Mironov, the primary attribute of "workers" is their low level of literacy (drawn from census aggregates), which meant they were unable to think critically or analytically. Thus he considers "workers" to be a mass of deplorables who did not really understand what they were supporting. But let's take "multiple structure" a little more seriously. The more closely we look at work experience, the more we see many sources of difference and distinction. It is now well established for European, US, and Russian historiography that artisanal workers—laboring in small shops, possessing high levels of skills, proud of their ability to control their own working conditions—were the leaders of the earliest trade unions and other forms of labor organization.3 Contrary to Marx, the more complex organization of large factories did not predispose workers there to imagine parallel forms of labor organization. For labor historians, "skill" has become an [End Page 378] important analytical tool. However imprecisely we can distinguish among "skilled," "semiskilled," and "unskilled," labor historians have shown how workers who share these attributes react to economic and political challenges in similar ways, precisely because the nature of their work shapes the way they see their world.4 Certain types of trades were more conducive to drinking on the job: one cannot track alcoholism along a straight line from "backwards" to "politically aware."5 Gender (a category of analysis that came late to labor history and that troubles Mironov not at all) and generation complicate these divisions and our ability to generalize about structure. Many skilled male workers refused to believe that women could acquire skills at all. The different social roles of men and women also led them to different forms of activism, not neatly measurable in trade union membership statistics or arrest records.6 Historians of Russian labor have long noted the distinctiveness of patterns of labor migration, with men leading the way to the cities and living in bachelor communities.7 But they have disagreed on the political significance of this phenomenon. Did having "one foot in the city and industry...